Meditation Wikipedia
Posted: October 27, 2014 at 11:58 pm
Meditation (von lateinisch meditatio, zu meditari nachdenken, nachsinnen, berlegen, von griechisch / medomai denken, sinnen; entgegen landlufiger Meinung liegt kein etymologischer Bezug zum Stamm des lateinischen Adjektivs medius, -a, -um mittlere[r, -s] vor) ist eine in vielen Religionen und Kulturen ausgebte spirituelle Praxis. Durch Achtsamkeits- oder Konzentrationsbungen soll sich der Geist beruhigen und sammeln. In stlichen Kulturen gilt sie als eine grundlegende und zentrale bewusstseinserweiternde bung. Die angestrebten Bewusstseinszustnde werden, je nach Tradition, unterschiedlich und oft mit Begriffen wie Stille, Leere, Panorama-Bewusstheit, Einssein, im Hier und Jetzt sein oder frei von Gedanken sein beschrieben. Dadurch werde die Subjekt-Objekt-Spaltung (Begriff von Karl Jaspers) berwunden.
Der Begriff ist aber auch fr Texte verwendet worden, die Ergebnisse konzentrierten, in die Tiefe gehenden Nachdenkens darstellen, so etwa fr Mark Aurels "Selbstbetrachtungen" oder Descartes' "Meditationen ber die Grundlagen der Philosophie".
Im Buddhismus, Hinduismus und Jainismus ist das hchste Ziel die Erleuchtung oder das Erreichen des Nirwana. In christlichen, islamischen und jdischen Traditionen ist das hchste Ziel der meditativen Praxis das unmittelbare Erfahren des Gttlichen. Meditation als spirituelle Praxis ist immer auch in unterschiedliche religise, psychologische und ethische Lehrgebude eingebunden. In westlichen Lndern wird die Meditation auch unabhngig von religisen Aspekten oder spirituellen Zielen zur Untersttzung des allgemeinen Wohlbefindens und im Rahmen der Psychotherapie praktiziert. Im lteren deutschen Sprachgebrauch bezeichnet Meditation einfach ein Nachdenken ber ein Thema oder die Resultate dieses Denkprozesses. Meditative Praktiken sind ein wesentlicher Bestandteil vieler Religionen.
Besonders im Hinduismus, Buddhismus und Daoismus besitzt die Meditation eine hnliche Bedeutung wie das Gebet im Christentum (vgl. Kontemplation). Als organisierte berlieferung lsst sich die Meditation am weitesten zu den Upanishaden und in der buddhistischen Tradition in Indien zurckverfolgen. Als Jhana (im Sanskrit: Dhyana) werden verschiedene Zustnde der Versenkung beschrieben, worauf sich heute unter anderem das chinesische Chan und das japanische Zen zurckfhren lassen. Eine vielfltige und traditionsreiche Form der Meditation entwickelte sich daneben im indischen Yoga (Vorstufe ist die Konzentration). Insbesondere die Sutras im Raja Yoga prgen bis heute viele Techniken wie den Umgang mit dem Atem im Pranayama und die systematische Einteilung der mit der Meditation in Zusammenhang gebrachten Bewusstseinszustnde. Innerhalb dieser Traditionen werden mit der Meditation ausnahmslos spirituelle Ziele verfolgt. Daoistische Meditation ist geprgt durch Konzentration, Innenschau und Visualisierungen, Ziel ist die Erlangung der Einheit mit dem Dao und die damit einhergehende physische oder spirituelle Unsterblichkeit.
Im mittelalterlichen Christentum wurden die geistlichen bungen meditatio (gegenstandfreie Anschauung), lectio (aufmerksame Lesung), oratio (Gebet) und contemplatio (gegenstndliche Betrachtung, Kontemplation) zur Sammlung des Geistes berliefert (siehe dazu ausfhrlich: Lectio divina). Besonders in den mystischen Traditionen sollte damit der Verstand und das Denken zur Ruhe kommen, um den einen Urgrund freizulegen. Im Mittelalter wurden auch Anweisungen verffentlicht, wie Die Wolke des Nichtwissens oder die Schriften der Theresa von Avila. Im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert wurden diese Schriften von der Inquisition verboten und Mystiker verfolgt sowie gefangengesetzt; die Mystik geriet im Christentum in Verruf der Hresie. Doch finden sich standardisierte Elemente einer meditativen Praxis bis heute in den Exerzitien von Ignatius von Loyola oder einigen benediktinischen und franziskanischen Traditionen sowie in der Ostkirche im Hesychasmus.
Die vielfltigen Meditationstechniken unterscheiden sich nach ihrer traditionellen religisen Herkunft, nach unterschiedlichen Richtungen oder Schulen innerhalb der Religionen und oft auch noch nach einzelnen Lehrern innerhalb solcher Schulen. In vielen Schulen werden abhngig vom Fortschritt der Meditierenden unterschiedliche Techniken gelehrt. Neben den traditionellen Meditationstechniken werden vor allem seit den 70er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts im Westen viele von fernstlichen Lehren inspirierte und an westliche Bedrfnisse angepasste Meditationsformen angeboten.
Meditationstechniken werden als Hilfsmittel verstanden, einen vom Alltagsbewusstsein unterschiedenen Bewusstseinszustand zu ben, in dem das gegenwrtige Erleben im Vordergrund steht, frei von gewohntem Denken, vor allem von Bewertungen und von der subjektiven Bedeutung der Vergangenheit (Erinnerungen) und der Zukunft (Plne, ngste usw.). Viele Meditationstechniken sollen helfen, einen Bewusstseinszustand zu erreichen, in dem uerst klares hellwaches Gewahrsein und tiefste Entspannung gleichzeitig mglich sind.
Man kann die Meditationstechniken grob in zwei Gruppen einteilen:
Die Einteilung bezieht sich nur auf die uere Form. Beide Meditationsformen knnen geistig sowohl aktive Aufmerksamkeitslenkung als auch passives Loslassen und Geschehenlassen beinhalten.
Im Allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch wird unter Meditation oft nur die passive Form verstanden, so wie sie in Abbildungen des meditierenden Buddha symbolisiert wird.
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