Investment – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Posted: September 14, 2015 at 5:02 am
This article is about investment in finance. For investment in macroeconomics, see Investment (macroeconomics).
Investment is time, energy, or matter spent in the hope of future benefits actualized within a specified date or time frame. This article concerns investment in finance.
In finance, investment is buying or creating an asset with the expectation of capital appreciation, dividends (profit), interest earnings, rents, or some combination of these returns. This may or may not be backed by research and analysis. Most or all forms of investment involve some form of risk, such as investment in equities, property, and even fixed interest securities which are subject, among other things, to inflation risk. It is indispensable for project investors to identify and manage the risks related to the investment.
In finance, investment is the purchase of an asset or item with the hope that it will generate income or appreciate in the future and be sold at the higher price.[1] It generally does not include deposits with a bank or similar institution. The term investment is usually used when referring to a long-term outlook. This is the opposite of trading or speculation, which are short-term practices involving a much higher degree of risk. Financial assets take many forms and can range from the ultra safe low return government bonds to much higher risk higher reward international stocks. A good investment strategy will diversify the portfolio according to the specified needs.
The most famous and successful investor of all time is Warren Buffett. In March 2013 Forbes magazine had Warren Buffett ranked as number 2 in their Forbes 400 list.[2] Buffett has advised in numerous articles and interviews that a good investment strategy is long term and choosing the right assets to invest in requires due diligence. Edward O. Thorp was a very successful hedge fund manager in the 1970s and 1980s that spoke of a similar approach.[3] Another thing they both have in common is a similar approach to managing investment money. No matter how successful the fundamental pick is, without a proper money management strategy, full potential of the asset cannot be reached. Both investors have been shown to use principles from the Kelly criterion for money management.[4] Numerous interactive calculators which use the Kelly criterion can be found online.[5]
In contrast, dollar (or pound etc.) cost averaging and market timing are phrases often used in marketing of collective investments and can be said to be associated with speculation.
Investments are often made indirectly through intermediaries, such as pension funds, banks, brokers, and insurance companies. These institutions may pool money received from a large number of individuals into funds such as investment trusts, unit trusts, SICAVs etc. to make large scale investments. Each individual investor then has an indirect or direct claim on the assets purchased, subject to charges levied by the intermediary, which may be large and varied. It generally, does not include deposits with a bank or similar institution. Investment usually involves diversification of assets in order to avoid unnecessary and unproductive risk.
The Code of Hammurabi (around 1700 BC) provided a legal framework for investment, establishing a means for the pledge of collateral by codifying debtor and creditor rights in regard to pledged land. Punishments for breaking financial obligations were not as severe as those for crimes involving injury or death.[6]
In the early 1900s purchasers of stocks, bonds, and other securities were described in media, academia, and commerce as speculators. By the 1950s, the term investment had come to denote the more conservative end of the securities spectrum, while speculation was applied by financial brokers and their advertising agencies to higher risk securities much in vogue at that time. Since the last half of the 20th century, the terms speculation and speculator have specifically referred to higher risk ventures.
Business revolves around the factor of investing; financially, time, in the future and successful investors will generally focus on certain fundamental metrics for their gains. A value investor is aware that when considering the health of a company, the fundamentals associated with it, are a highly influencing factor. They include aspects related to financial and operational data, preferred by some of the most successful investors; for example, Warren Buffett and George Soros. The financial details, such as, earnings per share and sales growth, are essential aids for an investor in determining stocks trading below their worth.
The price to earnings ratio (P/E), or earnings multiple, is a particularly significant and recognized fundamental ratio, with a function of dividing the share price of stock, by its earnings per share. This will provide the value representing the sum investors are prepared to expend for each dollar of company earnings. This ratio is an important aspect, due to its capacity as measurement for the comparison of valuations of various companies. A stock with a lower P/E ratio will cost less per share, than one with a higher P/E, taking into account the same level of financial performance; therefore, it essentially means a low P/E is the preferred option.[7]
An instance, in which the price to earnings ratio has a lesser significance, is when companies in different industries are compared. An example; although, it is reasonable for a telecommunications stock to show a P/E in the low teens; in the case of hi-tech stock, a P/E in the 40s range, is not unusual. When making comparisons the P/E ratio can give you a refined view of a particular stock valuation.
For investors paying for each dollar of a company's earnings, the P/E ratio is a significant indicator, but the price-to-book ratio (P/B) is also a reliable indication of how much investors are willing to spend on each dollar of company assets. In the process of the P/B ratio, the share price of a stock is divided by its net assets; any intangibles, such as goodwill, are not taken into account. It is a crucial factor of the price-to-book ratio, due to it indicating the actual payment for tangible assets and not the more difficult valuation, of intangibles. Accordingly, the P/B could be considered a comparatively, conservative metric.
For investment purposes, an essential factor relates to how a company finances its assets, especially if it involves a sizable value stock and is a situation in which debt/equity ratio has a significant influence. Similar to the P/E ratio, the debt/equity ratio, indicates the proportion of financing, a company has obtained from debt; for example, loans, bonds and equity, such as, the issuance of shares and stock, which vary between industries. An indication to investors that all is not financially sound with a company, relates to above-industry debt/equity figures, particularly if an industry is experiencing a challenging, adverse business environment.
A factor that sometimes remains unaware to investors is that the earnings of a company generally do not equal the amount of cash generated. This is due to companies reporting their financials utilising, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). It is a standard framework of guidelines for the financial accounting practices used in any given jurisdiction. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are commonly used, worldwide.
Free cash flow is a metric that determines for an investor the sum of actual cash remaining in a company after deduction of any capital investments. In general, it is preferable to for a company to boast a positive free cash flow, but similar to the debt-equity ratio, this metric assumes greater significance in a difficult business environment.
Arguably, the most commonly utilized valuation metric is Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization, generally referred to as EBITDA. This metric relates to the basic profits made, prior to the influences and intricacies of accounting deductions becoming issues of the true profit line of a company. This particular metric is recognized as the primary standard of private mergers and acquisitions.[8]
For a company competing in a high growth industry, an investor could expect a significant acquisition premium, which is a buyout offer, several times over the most recent EBITDA. In various instances, it has been known for private equity firms, to pay multiples of up to 6-8 times the EBITDA. However, some buyers could make the decision that even given these relatively high valuations, the offer from a buyer does not take into consideration past expenditures and future potential product growth.
In certain cases, an EBITDA may be sacrificed by a company, in order for the pursuance of future growth; a strategy frequently used by corporate giants, such as, Amazon, Google and Microsoft, among others. This is a business decision that can impact negatively on buyout offers, founded on EBITDA and can be the cause of many negotiations, failing. It may be recognized as a valuation breach, with many investors maintaining that sellers are too demanding, while buyers are regarded as failing to realize the long-term potential of, expenditure or acquisitions.
Types of financial investments include:
See more here:
Investment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- SoundCloud Gets Investment From Union Square, Index [Last Updated On: January 9th, 2011] [Originally Added On: January 9th, 2011]
- Return On Investment (ROI) Definition | Investopedia [Last Updated On: September 14th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 14th, 2015]
- Investing News - Investment Articles - Investing Research [Last Updated On: September 14th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 14th, 2015]
- InvestmentNews - The Investing News Source for Financial ... [Last Updated On: September 14th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 14th, 2015]
- Investment management - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Last Updated On: September 14th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 14th, 2015]
- Investment Education & Advice for Investors - Investment U [Last Updated On: September 14th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 14th, 2015]
- Forbes - Investing Information and Investing News - Forbes.com [Last Updated On: September 15th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 15th, 2015]
- Fidelity Investments - Retirement, Funds, and Online Trading [Last Updated On: September 15th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 15th, 2015]
- Investment | Define Investment at Dictionary.com [Last Updated On: September 15th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 15th, 2015]
- Investment Definition | Investopedia [Last Updated On: September 15th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 15th, 2015]
- Find what type of investment is right for you - INVESTMENTS [Last Updated On: September 15th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 15th, 2015]
- Investopedia - Educating the world about finance [Last Updated On: September 20th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 20th, 2015]
- Investment, Mutual Funds, ETFs & Stocks | Bankrate.com [Last Updated On: September 26th, 2015] [Originally Added On: September 26th, 2015]
- Gold as an investment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Last Updated On: October 4th, 2015] [Originally Added On: October 4th, 2015]
- Green Card Through Investment | USCIS [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- What is Investment ? Meaning and Types of Investment [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Host.al - Albanian Domain AL Accredited Registrar [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Alpha Investment Plan - Alpha Bank Albania [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- RealEstate.al - Apartment-Villa-Office For rent or for sale ... [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Attractiveness of foreign investments in Albania [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- INVESTMENT CLIMATE | Embassy of the Republic of Albania in Japan [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Princip.al :: Welcome to Princip.al [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Foreign direct investment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Investment Moats Wealth Mentor for Financial Independence [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Investment | Nicole Gesmondi Photographer, LLC [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- investment - Thesaurus.com [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- What is Investment? | eHow [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Investment banking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Investment Jobs on CareerBuilder.com [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Articles about Investment - timesofindia-economictimes [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Investment Definition - What is Investment? [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Investing Basics | Investor.gov [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Investing.com - Stock Market Quotes & Financial News [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Best Investments Good Investments in 2015 and Beyond [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Investment Calculators [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Investment: a key concept in Economics [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- SEC.gov | Investment Companies [Last Updated On: January 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: January 22nd, 2016]
- Careers-in-Investment-Banking.com: Your Guide to ... [Last Updated On: February 8th, 2016] [Originally Added On: February 8th, 2016]
- Investment Property and Investment Real Estate For Sale [Last Updated On: February 8th, 2016] [Originally Added On: February 8th, 2016]
- Investment and Sustainable Development [Last Updated On: February 16th, 2016] [Originally Added On: February 16th, 2016]
- Investment Images - Photos - Pictures - CrystalGraphics [Last Updated On: February 16th, 2016] [Originally Added On: February 16th, 2016]
- Investment - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Last Updated On: February 20th, 2016] [Originally Added On: February 20th, 2016]
- Types of Investments - MoneySENSE [Last Updated On: February 20th, 2016] [Originally Added On: February 20th, 2016]
- Smart Ways to Invest Your Money and Minimize Risks [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2016]
- Investing in Mining Stocks, Metals and Commodities ... [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2016]
- What is Investment Banking? (with picture) [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2016]
- Investments - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2016]
- investment - English-Spanish Dictionary - WordReference.com [Last Updated On: March 20th, 2016] [Originally Added On: March 20th, 2016]
- Investment fund - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Last Updated On: March 20th, 2016] [Originally Added On: March 20th, 2016]
- What Is An Investment Bank - An Intro To Investment Banks [Last Updated On: May 10th, 2016] [Originally Added On: May 10th, 2016]
- Investment Property Advisors - Home [Last Updated On: May 10th, 2016] [Originally Added On: May 10th, 2016]
- Investment Savings Bank [Last Updated On: May 10th, 2016] [Originally Added On: May 10th, 2016]
- US Investment Report [Last Updated On: May 10th, 2016] [Originally Added On: May 10th, 2016]
- Investment House [Last Updated On: May 10th, 2016] [Originally Added On: May 10th, 2016]
- Best investments - 10 steps to investing money | uSwitch [Last Updated On: May 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: May 17th, 2016]
- investment - The Motley Fool [Last Updated On: May 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: May 17th, 2016]
- How to Invest Small Amounts of Money Wisely: 12 Steps [Last Updated On: May 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: May 17th, 2016]
- Investing with us | HSBC UK [Last Updated On: May 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: May 17th, 2016]
- Investment Risks | Consumer Information [Last Updated On: June 27th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 27th, 2016]
- Invest In Shipping Containers | Invest Containers [Last Updated On: July 1st, 2016] [Originally Added On: July 1st, 2016]
- Investment - Trade - European Commission [Last Updated On: July 10th, 2016] [Originally Added On: July 10th, 2016]
- investment | finance | Britannica.com [Last Updated On: August 15th, 2016] [Originally Added On: August 15th, 2016]
- What does investment mean? definition, meaning and ... [Last Updated On: August 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: August 17th, 2016]
- Investment Options | Investment Plans in India | Online ... [Last Updated On: August 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: August 17th, 2016]
- Investment Returns [Last Updated On: August 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: August 17th, 2016]
- The Mental Health Benefits of Exercise: The Exercise ... [Last Updated On: July 8th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 8th, 2017]
- PayPal co-founder launches firm to raise investment funds for SpaceX, report says - Los Angeles Times [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2017]
- Bitcoin Investment Vehicle Adopts Open Strategy Ahead of Blockchain Fork - CoinDesk [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2017]
- How to Spot a Good Investment in a Changing Neighborhood - Mansion Global [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2017]
- SoftBank Vision Fund investments so far - CNBC.com - CNBC [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2017]
- Vanguard's new chief investment officer has a warning for investors - The Denver Post [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2017]
- MARKET MATTERS: When life throws a curveball at your investment timeline - New Haven Register [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2017]
- Investment prosperity can make investors complacent - The Seattle Times [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2017]
- Risky business: Keeping an eye on Chinese investment - POLITICO.eu [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2017]
- Somaliland secures record $442m foreign investment deal - CNN [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2017]
- China isn't discouraging overseas investment, only regulating it, Beijing-backed think tanker says - CNBC [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2017]
- China issues rules to curb state firms' overseas investment risks - Reuters [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2017]
- Unilever's Latest Investment Targets New Route into Homes - Fortune [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2017]
- Hundreds of jobs, $139 million investment planned in Morgan County by major companies - whnt.com [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2017]
- Apple's R&D Investment Hits New High as Percentage of Sales - Motley Fool [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2017]