If you're vegan or considering going vegan, you are probably always interested in fresh sources of inspiration. Here are 10 vegan blogs that we've found helpful, inspiring, and beautiful. Not all are strictly vegan, but all have a lot to offer. Even if you're not vegan, do check these out: they focus on vegetables and grains in a wonderful way that often isn't found in more mainstream food media.

TOP ROW 1 Post Punk Kitchen - Isa Chandra Moskowitz is considered one of the best resources on vegan cooking. Fresh, tasty, and awesome all the recipes in Veganomicon and her other books are worth checking out whether you're vegan or not! 2 VeganYumYum - Lauren Ulm's beautifully-photographed vegan dishes and lovely blog won her a cookbook contract. She has a great cookbook out now, and a fabulous archive of recipes. 3 101 Cookbooks - Heidi Swanson's blog isn't strictly vegan, but she has over 100 vegan recipes in her archive. They are all so beautiful, and of such quality, with interesting grains and other ingredients, that we think that they should be a first stop for a vegan cook. 4 Would Rather Gather - A new-to-us vegan blog recommended by a friend. We love the clean layout and design of the site, and the fresh and delicious recipes. 5 Have Cake Will Travel - This is a new favorite blog! And we only just realized that it's all vegan. Delicious!

MIDDLE ROW 6 FatFree Vegan Kitchen - SusanV is such a great resource and inspiration for vegan recipes. 7 Vegan Lunchbox - Jennifer is author of Vegan Lunch Box Around the World and her blog is always practical, down-to-earth, and inspiring. 8 C'est La Vegan - Kim owns C'est La V Bakeshop, a vegan bakery, and her blog is a great resource for vegan baked goods of all sorts (and more, too!). 9 Manifest Vegan - We are always drawn to Allyson's sunny photos and recipes. 10 Mollie Katzen - Mollie's site isn't exactly a blog, but it has such a wealth of recipes and resources from this wonderful author and cook who brought vegetarian cooking into the mainstream.

Your turn! What are your favorite vegan blogs?

Related: Good Question: Best Healthy and Natural Food Blogs?

(Images: Isa Chandra Moskowitz of Post Punk Kitchen; Lauren Ulm of VeganYumYum; Heidi Swanson of 101 Cookbooks; Shawna of Would Rather Gather; Celine of Have Cake Will Travel; SusanV of FatFree Vegan Kitchen; Jennifer of Vegan Lunch Box; Kim of C'est La Vegan; Allyson of Manifest Vegan; Mollie Katzen)

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10 Inspiring Blogs on Vegan Food & Cooking | The Kitchn

Who would have thought that in the land of cheese and brats you would find a thriving vegan community?

It's true, every day Milwaukee is becoming more and more vegan friendly.

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Vegan Milwaukee - Your Guide to Being Vegan in Milwaukee

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"Veganism is a way of living that seeks to exclude, as far as possible and practicable, all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing and any other purpose." - The Vegan Society

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Veganism is both the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated abolitionist philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals.[9] A follower of either the diet or the philosophy is known as a vegan (pronounced VEE-gn).

Distinctions are sometimes made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans refrain from ingesting animal products. This means avoiding not only meat but also egg and dairy products and other animal-derived foodstuffs. Some dietary vegans choose to wear clothing that includes animal products (for example, leather or wool).[10] The term ethical vegan is often applied to those who extend the philosophy beyond diet into other areas of their lives. This philosophy means opposing the use of animal products for any purpose.[n 1]Environmental veganism refers to avoiding animal products on the premise that harvesting or industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable.[16]

The term vegan was coined in 1944 by Donald Watson when he co-founded the Vegan Society in England. At first this meant "non-dairy vegetarian" and later "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals".[17] Interest in veganism increased in the 2010s; more vegan shops opened, and vegan options became increasingly available in more supermarkets and restaurants in many countries.[18]

Vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, and phytochemicals, and lower in dietary energy, saturated fat, cholesterol, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B12.[n 2] Well-planned vegan diets can reduce the risk of some types of chronic disease including heart disease.[20] Vegan diets are regarded as appropriate for all stages of the life-cycle by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, and Dietitians of Canada.[21] Because uncontaminated plant foods do not provide vitamin B12 (which is produced by microorganisms such as bacteria), researchers agree that vegans should eat B12-fortified foods or take a supplement.

The origin of the English term vegetarian is unknown.[23] The earliest known use is attributed to the actress Fanny Kemble, writing around 1839 in Georgia in the United States.[n 4] The practice can be traced to Pythagoras in 6th century BCE Greece. Greek philosophers Empedocles and Theophrastus were vegetarians, as were Seneca the Younger, Ovid, Plutarch, Plotinus, Porphyry,[26] and the Arab poet Al-Maarri.[27] Their arguments were based on health, the transmigration of souls, animal welfare, and the view, espoused by Porphyry in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium ("On Abstinence from Animal Food"), that if humans deserve justice, so do animals.[26]

Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th century England and the United States.[28] There were ovo-lacto vegetarians, who avoided meat but ate eggs and dairy; pescetarians, who in addition ate fish; and dietary vegans, then called strict vegetarians, who ate no meat, nor animal related products.[29] In 1813 the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley published A Vindication of Natural Diet, advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors," and in 1815 William Lambe, a London physician, claimed that a vegan diet could cure a range of diseases from cancer and tuberculosis to acne.[30]Sylvester Graham's meatless Graham dietmostly fruit, vegetables, water, and bread made at home with stoneground flourbecame popular as a supposed health remedy in the 1830s in the United States.[31]

Several vegan communities were established. Amos Bronson Alcott, father of novelist Louisa May Alcott, opened the Temple School in 1834 and Fruitlands in 1844 in Massachusetts.[32] In England in 1838 James Pierrepont Greaves founded the Concordium, a vegan community at Alcott House on Ham Common.[3][33] In 1843 members of Alcott House created the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food, led by Sophia Chichester.[34]

Alcott House helped establish the British Vegetarian Society, which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate, Kent.[35]:64 An article in the society's magazine in 1851 discussing alternatives to shoe leather suggests the presence of vegans within the membership who rejected animal use entirely.[36] The first known vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldon's No Animal Food: Two Essays and 100 Recipes, was published in London in 1910. A vegetarian society newsletter in 1912 asked vegetarians to write in concerning egg and milk consumption, and reported on the arguments, concluding that the use of these products could not be justified.[37]

During a visit to London in 1931, Mahatma Gandhiwho had joined the Vegetarian Society's executive committee when he lived in London from 1888 to 1891gave a speech to the society arguing that it ought to promote a meat-free diet as a matter of ethics, not health.[38][40] The consumption of eggs and dairy had become something of an issue within the society. There were regular discussions in its newsletter, the Vegetarian Messenger, about the treatment of cows and hens; it appears from the correspondence that many opponents of veganism came from within the vegetarian community.[8][41] Lacto-vegetarians typically did not oppose veganism on moral grounds, and acknowledged the ethical consistency of the vegan position. However, they regarded a vegan diet as impractical, and were concerned that it might be an impediment to spreading vegetarianism if vegans found themselves unable to participate in social circles where no vegan food might be available. This became the predominant view of the Vegetarian Society.[37]

In August 1944 several members asked that a section of the society's newsletter be devoted to non-dairy vegetarianism. When the request was turned down, Donald Watson, secretary of the Leicester Vegetarian Society, set up a new quarterly newsletter, Vegan News, in November 1944, priced tuppence. He chose the word vegan himself.[7][n 6] The first edition attracted over 100 letters, including from George Bernard Shaw, who resolved to give up eggs and dairy.[8] The six members of the new Vegan Society held their first meeting in early November at the Attic Club, 144 High Holborn, London.[n 7]World Vegan Day is held every 1 November to mark the society's creation.[44]

Vegan News changed its name to The Vegan in November 1945, by which time it had 500 subscribers.[45] It published recipes, health news and a "vegan trade list" of animal-free products such as Colgate toothpaste, Kiwi shoe polish, Dawson & Owen stationery and Gloy glue.[46] Vegan books appeared, including Vegan Recipes by Fay K. Henderson, and Aids to a Vegan Diet for Children by Kathleen V. Mayo.[47] The Vegan Society soon made clear that it rejected the use of animals for any purpose, not only as food, and in 1951 it defined veganism as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals."[48][49] In 1956 Leslie Cross, the society's vice-president, founded the Plantmilk Society to explore commercial soy milk production. As Plantmilk Ltd (later Plamil Foods) it began production in 1965 of one of the first widely distributed soy milks in the Western world.[50]

The first vegan society in the United States was founded in 1948 by Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz in California, who distributed Watson's newsletter.[51] In 1960 H. Jay Dinshah founded the American Vegan Society (AVS), linking veganism to the concept of ahimsa, "non-harming" in Sanskrit.[52][53] According to Joanne Stepaniak, the word vegan was first published independently in 1962 by the Oxford Illustrated Dictionary, defined as "a vegetarian who eats no butter, eggs, cheese or milk."[54]

In the 1960s a countercultural food movement emerged in the United States around concerns about diet, the environment and a distrust of food producers, leading to increasing interest in organic gardening and vegetarianism.[55]Frances Moore Lapp's Diet for a Small Planet (1971) sold over three million copies and suggested "getting off the top of the food chain."[56]

From the late 1970s a group of scientists in the US, including physicians Dean Ornish, Caldwell Esselstyn, Neal D. Barnard, John A. McDougall, Michael Greger and biochemist T. Colin Campbell, argued that diets based on animal fat and animal protein, such as the Western pattern diet, were detrimental to health.[57]

The following decades saw a series of books recommend vegan or vegetarian diets, including McDougall's The McDougall Plan (1983), John Robbins's Diet for a New America (1987), which associated meat eating with environmental damage, and Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease (1990).[58] In 2003 two major North American dietitians' associations approved the vegan diet as safe for all life stages.[59] This was followed by the film Earthlings (2005), Campbell's The China Study (2005), and Rory Freedman and Kim Barnouin's Skinny Bitch (2005), as well as Jonathan Safran Foer's Eating Animals (2009) and the film Forks over Knives (2011).[60]

The vegan diet became increasingly mainstream in the Western world in the 2010s.[62][18] Chain restaurants began marking vegan items on their menus, and supermarkets improved their selection of vegan processed food.[63] The global mock-meats market increased by 18% between 2005 and 2010,[64] and in the US by 8% between 2012 and 2015 to $553 million a year.[65] In the UK the plant milk market increased by 155% in two years, from 36 million litres in 2011 to 92 million in 2013.[66] The European Parliament defined the meaning of vegan for food labels in 2010, in force as of 2015.[61][67]

Celebrities, athletes and politicians adopted vegan diets, some seriously, some part-time.[68] In recent years, some in America have promoted veganism as "glamorous" and trendy, to counter the image of self-deprivation projected by vegan straight edges and animal rights activists.[69] The idea of the "flexi-vegan" gained currency; in his book VB6 (2013), New York Times food columnist Mark Bittman recommended sticking to a vegan diet before 6 pm.[70]De Vegetarische Slager, the first known vegetarian butcher shop, selling mock meats, opened in the Netherlands in 2010.[64][71] In 2011 Europe's first vegan supermarkets appeared in Germany Vegilicious in Dortmund[72] and Veganz in Berlin and elsewhere.[70] In 2013 the Oktoberfest in Munich, traditionally a meat-heavy affair, offered vegan dishes for the first time in its 200-year history.[73] America's first known vegan butcher's, the Herbivorous Butcher, opened in Minneapolis in 2016.[65][74]

In Israel, interest in veganism surged in recent years, with an estimated 5% of Israelis identifying as vegan in 2015, approximately double the figure in 2010.[75] The phenomenon has been attributed to a 2012 visit by abolitionist activist Gary Yourofsky, who frequently compares the treatment of animals to the Holocaust.[76][77] Following a protest in 2015, the Israeli army was forced to make special provisions for vegan soldiers, including non-leather boots and wool-free berets.[78] Veganism also became popular among Israeli Arabs, leading to collaborations between Jewish and Arab animal rights activists.[79]

Increasing interest in veganism has prompted criticism and backlash from non-vegans. Critics of veganism have questioned the evolutionary legitimacy and health effects of a vegan diet, and pointed to longstanding philosophical traditions which held that man is superior to the other animals.[80] Celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain once compared vegans to the militant group Hezbollah.[81]

The total number of vegans around the world is unknown. Research indicates that the global percentage of vegans is small but growing, especially in wealthier countries.[82]

Vegans do not eat beef, pork, poultry, fowl, game, seafood, eggs, dairy, or any other animal products, such as gelatin. Plant-based eaters, who may identify as dietary vegans might use animal products in clothing (as leather, wool, and silk), toiletries and similar.[111] Veganism extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or using of animal products. Vegans reject the commodification of animals.[112] The British Vegan Society will certify a product only if it is free of animal involvement as far as possible and practical, including animal testing.[113]

Philosopher Gary Steiner argues that it is not possible to be entirely vegan, because animal use and products are "deeply and imperceptibly woven into the fabric of human society."[114] Animal products in common use include albumen, allantoin, beeswax, blood, bone char, bone china, carmine, casein, castoreum, cochineal, elastin, emu oil, gelatin, isinglass, keratin, lactic acid, lanolin, lard, rennet, retinol, shellac, squalene, tallow/sodium tallowate, whey and yellow grease. Some of these are chemical compounds which can be derived from animal products, from plants, or from petrochemicals. Allantoin, lactic acid, retinol and squalene, for example, can be vegan. However, these products and their origins are not always included in the list of ingredients.[115]

Vegans will not buy woollen jumpers, silk scarves, leather shoes, bedding that contains goose down or duck feathers, ordinary soap (usually made of animal fat), or cosmetics that contain animal products. They avoid certain vaccines; the flu vaccine, for example, is usually grown in hens' eggs, although an effective alternative, Flublok, is widely available in the United States.[116] Non-vegan items acquired before they became vegan might be donated to charity or used until worn out. Some vegan clothes, in particular leather alternatives, are made of petroleum-based products, which has triggered criticism because of the environmental damage involved in their production.[117]

Some vegetarians argue that the restrictiveness of a vegan lifestyle is impractical, and that vegetarianism is a better goal, even though veganism is the fastest growing movement at the moment and it's becoming easier and easier to find vegan alternatives. [118][119]

The main difference between a vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude eggs and dairy products. Ethical vegans avoid them on the premise that their production causes animal suffering and premature death. In egg production, most male chicks are culled because they do not lay eggs.[120] To obtain milk from dairy cattle, cows are made pregnant to induce lactation; they are kept pregnant and lactating for three to seven years, then slaughtered. Female calves are separated from their mothers within 24 hours of birth, and fed milk replacer to retain the cow's milk for human consumption. Male calves are slaughtered at birth, sent for veal production, or reared for beef.[121]

Vegan groups disagree about insect products.[122] Neither the Vegan Society nor the American Vegan Society considers honey, silk, and other insect products as suitable for vegans,[123] while Vegan Action and Vegan Outreach view it as a matter of personal choice.[124]Agave nectar is a popular vegan alternative to honey.[125]

Vegan diets are based on grains and other seeds, legumes (particularly beans), fruits, vegetables, edible mushrooms, and nuts.[126]Meat analogues (mock meats) based on soybeans (tofu), or wheat-based seitan/gluten, are a common source of plant protein, usually in the form of vegetarian sausage, mince, and veggie burgers.[citation needed]

Dishes based on soybeans are a staple of vegan diets because soybeans are a complete protein; this means they contain all the essential amino acids for humans and can be relied upon entirely for protein intake.[n 8] They are consumed most often in the form of soy milk and tofu (bean curd), which is soy milk mixed with a coagulant. Tofu comes in a variety of textures, depending on water content, from firm, medium firm, and extra firm for stews and stir-fries; to soft or silken for salad dressings, desserts, and shakes. Soy is also eaten in the form of tempeh, seitan, and texturized vegetable protein (TVP); also known as textured soy protein (TSP), the latter is often used in pasta sauces.[128]

Plant milkssuch as soy milk, almond milk, grain milks (oat milk and rice milk), hemp milk, and coconut milkare used in place of cows' or goats' milk.[n 9] Soy milk provides around 7g of protein per cup (240mL or 8floz), compared with 8g of protein per cup of cow's milk. Almond milk is lower in dietary energy, carbohydrates and protein.[134] Soy milk should not be used as a replacement for breast milk for babies. Babies who are not breastfed may be fed commercial infant formula, normally based on cows' milk or soy. The latter is known as soy-based infant formula or SBIF.[135]

Butter can be replaced with a vegan alternative such as Earth Balance's.[136] Vegan (egg-free) mayonnaise brands include Vegenaise, Nayonaise, Miso Mayo, Just Mayo, Mindful Mayo, and Plamil's Egg-Free Mayo.[137]

Vegan cheeses such as Chreese, Daiya, Sheese, Teese and Tofutti, are made from soy, nuts and tapioca, and can replace the meltability of dairy cheese.[138]Nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes.[139] Several recipe books describe how to make cheese substitutes at home;[140] one recipe for vegan brie combines cashew nuts, soy yogurt and coconut oil.[141] In 2014 Oakland's Counter Culture Labs and Sunnyvale's BioCurious produced vegan cheese from casein extracted from genetically modified yeast.[142]

Commercial egg substitutes, such as Bob's Red Mill egg replacer and Ener-G egg replacer, are available for cooking and baking.[143] The protein in eggs thickens when heated and binds other ingredients together.[144] Flaxseeds will do the same: replace each egg with one tablespoon of flaxseed meal mixed with three tablespoons of water.[143] For pancakes a tablespoon of baking powder can be used instead of eggs.[145] Other ingredients include (to replace one egg): one tablespoon of soy flour and one tablespoon of water; a quarter cup of mashed bananas, mashed prunes or apple sauce; or in batter two tablespoons of white flour, half a tablespoon of vegetable oil, two tablespoons of water, and half a tablespoon of baking powder.[144] Silken (soft) tofu and mashed potato can also be used.[146] Bean brine, known as aquafaba, can be used to replace egg whites in meringues, ice cream, and baking.[citation needed]

Since 1991 the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) has recommended a no-cholesterol, low-fat vegan diet based on what they call the New Four Food Groups: fruit, legumes, grains and vegetables. Legumes include peas, beans, lentils and peanuts.[147]

PCRM recommends three or more servings a day of fruit (at least one of which is high in vitamin C, such as citrus fruit, melon or strawberries); two or more of protein-rich legumes (such as soybeans, which can be consumed as soy milk, tofu or tempeh); five or more of whole grains (such as corn, barley, rice and wheat, in products such as bread and tortillas); and four or more of vegetables (dark-green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, and dark-yellow and orange such as carrots or sweet potatoes).[147]

The New Four Food Groups was created as an alternative to the Four Food Groups meat, milk, vegetables and fruit, and cereal and breads recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) from 1956 until 1992.[148] In 1992 the USDA replaced this with the food guide pyramid and in 2011 with MyPlate, which is consistent with a vegan diet. MyPlate is divided into five groups: grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy (or calcium-fortified soymilk), and protein. The protein includes meat, poultry, seafood, beans and peas, eggs, processed soy products, nuts and seeds.[n 10] In the UK the National Health Service recommends the Eatwell Plate, also with five groups and consistent with a vegan diet: fruit and vegetables; potatoes, bread and other starchy foods; dairy or non-dairy alternatives; meat, fish, eggs, or beans for protein; and fat and sugar.[149]

Proteins are composed of amino acids. Vegans obtain all their protein from plants, omnivores usually a third, and ovo-lacto vegetarians half.[150] Sources of plant protein include legumes such as soy beans (consumed as tofu, tempeh, texturized vegetable protein, soy milk and edamame), peas, peanuts, black beans and chickpeas (the latter often eaten as hummus); grains such as quinoa (pronounced keenwa), brown rice, corn, barley, bulgur and wheat (the latter eaten as bread and seitan); and nuts and seeds. Combinations that contain high amounts of all the essential amino acids include rice and beans, corn and beans, and hummus and whole-wheat pita.[151]

Soy beans and quinoa are known as complete proteins because they each contain all the essential amino acids in amounts that meet or exceed human requirements,[152] although analyses disagree on whether soy protein is slightly deficient in the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cystine, leading to reported PDCAAS values between 0.92 (slightly incomplete) and 1.00 (truly complete).[153] Mangels et al. write that consuming the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of protein (0.8 g/kg body weight) in the form of soy will meet the biologic requirement for amino acids.[127] In 2012 the United States Department of Agriculture ruled that soy protein (tofu) may replace meat protein in the National School Lunch Program.[154]

The American Dietetic Association said in 2009 that a variety of plant foods consumed over the course of a day can provide all the essential amino acids for healthy adults, which means that protein combining in the same meal may not be necessary.[155] Mangels et al. write that there is little reason to advise vegans to increase their protein intake, but erring on the side of caution, they recommend a 25% increase over the RDA for adults, to 1.0 gram of protein per kilogram of body weight.[156]

Vitamin B12 is a bacterial product needed for cell division, the formation and maturation of red blood cells, the synthesis of DNA, and normal nerve function. A deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anaemia and nerve damage.[158][n 11] Vegans are unable in most cases to obtain B12 from their diet.[n 12] Vegetarians are also at risk, as are older people and those with certain medical conditions.[161][162] A 2013 study found that "vegetarians develop B12 depletion or deficiency regardless of demographic characteristics, place of residency, age, or type of vegetarian diet. Vegetarians should thus take preventive measures to ensure adequate intake of this vitamin, including regular consumption of supplements containing B12."

Increased hygiene in the food supply is probably the cause of B12 depletion from plant-based diets.[164][n 13] Neither plants nor animals make B12; it is produced by microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and algae. Plants not washed properly may contain B12 from bacteria in the soil, often from faeces, and drinking water may be similarly contaminated, particularly in the developing world. Animals obtain it by eating contaminated plants, from their internaal bacteria, other animals, or their own faeces, and become sources of B12 if eaten themselves.[158][n 14] Intensively farmed animals are often given B12 supplements or injections, particularly pigs and poultry, because when raised indoors they have no access to plants and less access to their own faeces.[166] Bacteria in the human digestive tract produce B12, but most is expelled in the faeces. The mouth is another source, but in small amounts and possibly analogue (not biologically active).[167][n 15]

Japanese researchers say that around 4 g of dried purple nori, an edible seaweed, supplies the adult RDA of 2.4 mcg (g) of B12. Tempeh, a fermented soybean food, is cited as another source, perhaps because of contamination during production.[157][n 16] One tablespoon of Red Star Vegetarian Support Formula nutritional yeast delivers the adult RDA of B12.[169][n 17] There is no gold standard for assessing B12 status and few studies exist of long-term vegans who have not used supplements or fortified foods.[171] Studies of vegans not taking supplements or eating fortified food have found low B12 levels and clinical signs of deficiency; low B12 levels without signs of a deficiency; and neither.[172][173] Nevertheless, the consensus among researchers is that vegans and vegetarians should use supplements, or eat B12-fortified foods such as plant milk or breakfast cereal.[161][174] Mangels et al. say: "It is likely that all Western vegans consuming unsupplemented diets will eventually develop vitamin B12 deficiency, although it may take decades for this to occur."[175] No animal products are involved in the production of B12 supplements.[158]

Calcium is needed to maintain bone health and for several metabolic functions, including muscle function, vascular contraction and vasodilation, nerve transmission, intracellular signalling and hormonal secretion. 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the bones and teeth.[176][177]:3574

Vegans are advised to eat three servings a day of a high-calcium food, such as fortified plant milk, fortified tofu, almonds or hazelnuts, and to take a supplement as necessary.[21] Plant sources include broccoli, turnip, bok choy and kale; the bioavailability of calcium in spinach is poor.[176] Vegans should make sure they consume enough vitamin D, which is needed for calcium absorption.[178]

A 2007 report based on the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, which began in 1993, suggested that vegans have an increased risk of bone fractures over meat eaters and vegetarians, likely because of lower dietary calcium intake. The study found that vegans consuming at least 525mg of calcium daily have a risk of fractures similar to that of other groups.[n 18][181] A 2009 study found the bone mineral density (BMD) of vegans was 94% that of omnivores, but deemed the difference clinically insignificant.[182][n 19]

Vitamin D (calciferol) is needed for several functions, including calcium absorption, enabling mineralization of bone, and bone growth. Without it bones can become thin and brittle; together with calcium it offers protection against osteoporosis. Vitamin D is produced in the body when ultraviolet rays from the sun hit the skin; outdoor exposure is needed because UVB radiation does not penetrate glass. It is present in salmon, tuna, mackerel and cod liver oil, with small amounts in cheese, egg yolks and beef liver, and in some mushrooms.[184]

Most vegan diets contain little or no vitamin D without fortified food. People with little sun exposure may need supplements. The extent to which sun exposure is sufficient depends on the season, time of day, cloud and smog cover, skin melanin content, and whether sunscreen is worn. According to the National Institutes of Health, most people can obtain and store sufficient vitamin D from sunlight in the spring, summer and fall, even in the far north. They report that some researchers recommend 530 minutes of sun exposure without sunscreen between 10 am and 3 pm, at least twice a week. Tanning beds emitting 26 per cent UVB radiation have a similar effect, though tanning is inadvisable.[184][185]

Vitamin D comes in two forms. Cholecalciferol (D3) is synthesized in the skin after exposure to the sun, or consumed in the form of animal products; when produced industrially it is taken from lanolin in sheep's wool. Ergocalciferol (D2) is derived from ergosterol from UV-exposed mushrooms or yeast and is suitable for vegans. Conflicting studies have suggested that the two forms may or may not be bioequivalent.[186] According to researchers from the Institute of Medicine, the differences between D2 and D3 do not affect metabolism, both function as prohormones, and when activated exhibit identical responses in the body.[187]

In some cases, iron and zinc status of vegans may also be of concern because of the limited bioavailability of these minerals.[189] There are concerns about the bioavailability of iron from plant foods, assumed by some researchers to be 515% compared to 18% from a nonvegetarian diet.[190]Iron deficiency anaemia is found as often in nonvegetarians as in vegetarians, though studies have shown vegetarians' iron stores to be lower.[191]

Mangels et al. write that, because of the lower bioavailability of iron from plant sources, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences established a separate RDA for vegetarians and vegans of 14mg for vegetarian men and postmenopausal women, and 33mg for premenopausal women not using oral contraceptives.[192] Supplements should be used with caution after consulting a physician, because iron can accumulate in the body and cause damage to organs. This is particularly true of anyone with hemochromatosis, a relatively common condition that can remain undiagnosed.[193]

High-iron vegan foods include soy beans, black-strap molasses, black beans, lentils, chickpeas, spinach, tempeh, tofu, and lima beans.[194][195] Iron absorption can be enhanced by eating a source of vitamin C at the same time,[196] such as half a cup of cauliflower or five fluid ounces of orange juice. Coffee and some herbal teas can inhibit iron absorption, as can spices that contain tannins (turmeric, coriander, chillies, and tamarind).[195]

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, is found in leafy green vegetables and nuts, and in vegetable oils such as canola and flaxseed oil.[197] Vegan Outreach suggests vegans take 11.5g (14 teaspoon) of flaxseed oil (also known as linseed oil) daily, and use oils containing low amounts of omega-6 fatty acids, such as olive, canola, avocado, or peanut oil.[198] Vegans may use DHA supplements derived from algae instead of fish oil;[199] a 2011 meta-analysis concluded that algal oil may be an effective replacement for fish oil.[200]

Iodine supplementation may be necessary for vegans in countries where salt is not typically iodized, where it is iodized at low levels, or where, as in Britain and Ireland, dairy products are relied upon for iodine delivery because of low levels in the soil.[201] Iodine can be obtained from most vegan multivitamins or regular consumption of seaweeds, such as kelp.[202][203]

Veganism appears to provide health benefits, including a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and heart disease.[20] There is evidence that a vegan diet aids weight loss more effectively than a vegetarian or non-vegetarian diet, particularly in the short term.[204] A 2016 systematic review found that a vegan diet was associated with a significant reduction in cancer risk, although only in a small number of studies.[205]

According to nutritionist Winston Craig, writing in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2009, vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fibre, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, and phytochemicals, and lower in dietary energy, saturated fat, cholesterol, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B12.[n 2] Craig wrote that vegans tend to be thinner, with lower serum cholesterol and lower blood pressure. Factors associated with a vegan diet being considered cancer-protective include an increased intake of fruits and vegetables; absence of meat; sources of vegan protein, including soy protein; and typically lower body mass index (BMI).[19]

Eliminating all animal products increases the risk of deficiencies of vitamins B12 and D, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids. Craig advised vegans to eat fortified foods or take supplements, and warned that iron and zinc may be problematic because of limited bioavailability. Vegans might be at risk of low bone mineral density without supplements.[19]

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada indicate that vegetarian diets may be more common among adolescents with eating disorders, but that its adoption may serve to camouflage a disorder rather than cause one. The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council similarly recognizes a well-planned vegan diet as viable for any age.[21] As of 2011 the German Society for Nutrition did not recommend a vegan diet and cautioned against it for babies and children, the pregnant and the elderly.[206] The British National Health Service's Eatwell Plate allows for an entirely plant-based diet,[149] as does the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) MyPlate.[n 10] The USDA allows tofu to replace meat in the National School Lunch Program.[154]

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada consider well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets "appropriate for individuals during all stages of the lifecycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes."[208] The German Society for Nutrition cautioned against a vegan diet for pregnant women, babies, and children as of 2011.[206] The Canadian Pediatric Society regards well-planned vegan diets as appropriate "at all stages of fetal, infant, child, and adolescent growth"; attention should be given to nutrient intake, particularly protein, vitamins B12 and D, essential fatty acids, iron, zinc, and calcium.[209]

According to a 2015 systematic review, there is little evidence available about vegetarian and vegan diets during pregnancy, and a lack of randomized studies meant that the effects of diet could not be distinguished from confounding factors. It concluded: "Within these limits, vegan-vegetarian diets may be considered safe in pregnancy, provided that attention is paid to vitamin and trace element requirements."[210] A daily source of vitamin B12 is important for pregnant and lactating vegans, as is vitamin D if there are concerns about low sun exposure.[n 20] Researchers have reported cases of vitamin B12 deficiency in lactating vegetarian mothers that were linked to deficiencies and neurological disorders in their children.[212][213] A doctor or registered dietitian should be consulted about taking supplements during pregnancy.[214]

Raw veganism is a diet that combines the concepts of veganism and raw foodism. It excludes all food and products of animal origin, as well as food cooked at a temperature above 48C (118F). A raw vegan diet includes raw vegetables and fruits, nuts and nut pastes, grain and legume sprouts, seeds, plant oils, sea vegetables, herbs, mushrooms, and fresh juices. There are many different variations of the diet, including fruitarianism, juicearianism, and sproutarianism.[citation needed]

Ethical vegans will not use toiletries or household cleaners that contain animal products. Animal ingredients are ubiquitous because they are cheap. After animals are slaughtered for meat, the leftovers are put through the rendering process, and some of that material, particularly the fat, ends up in toiletries. Common ingredients include tallow in soap, and glycerine (derived from collagen), used as a lubricant and humectant in haircare products, moisturizers, shaving foam, soap and toothpaste; there is a plant-based form but it is usually animal-based.[215]

Lanolin from sheep's wool is found in lip balm and moisturizers. Stearic acid is a common ingredient in face creams, shaving foam and shampoos; as with glycerine, it can be plant-based but is usually animal-derived. Lactic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid derived from animal milk, is used in moisturizers, as is allantoin, from the comfrey plant or cows' urine, in shampoos, moisturizers and toothpaste.[215]Carmine from scale insects, such as the female cochineal, is used in food and cosmetics to produce red and pink shades.[216]

The British Vegan Society's sunflower logo and PETA's bunny logo mean the product is certified vegan, which includes no animal testing. The leaping-bunny logo signals no animal testing, but it might not be vegan.[217] The Vegan Society criteria for vegan certification are that the product contain no animal products, and that neither the finished item nor its ingredients have been tested on animals by, or on behalf of, the manufacturer or by anyone over whom the manufacturer has control. Its website contains a list of certified products,[218] as does Australia's Choose Cruelty Free website.[219]Animal Ingredients A to Z (2004) and Veganissimo A to Z (2013) list which ingredients might be animal-derived.

Beauty Without Cruelty, founded as a charity in 1959, was one of the earliest manufacturers and certifiers of vegan toiletries.[220] Several international companies stock large vegan ranges, including Kiss My Face, MuLondon and Lush.[221]

Ethical vegans avoid clothing that incorporates silk, wool (including lambswool, shearling, cashmere, and angora), fur, feathers, or leather, snakeskin, or any other kind of skin or animal product. Most leather clothing is made from cows' and calves' skins, but the skin of sheep, goats, horses, and pigs is also used. Less common skins include those from kangaroos, elephants, zebras, seals, crocodile, and deer. Vegans regard the purchase of leather, particularly from cows, as financial support for the meat industry.[222] They wear shoes, belts, jackets and carry handbags made of hemp, linen, cotton, canvas, polyester, synthetic leather (known as pleather), rubber, or vinyl. Manufacture of the petroleum-based materials is harmful to the environment.[223]

Ethical veganism is based on opposition to speciesism, the assignment of value to individuals on the basis of species membership alone. Divisions within animal rights theory include rights-based (deontological) and utilitarian (consequentialist) approaches, as well as protectionism, which pursues improved conditions for animals, and abolitionism, which seeks to end human ownership of non-humans. Abolitionists argue that protectionism serves only to make the public feel that animal use can be morally unproblematic (the "happy meat" position). Rights-theorists tend to be abolitionist[citation needed] and utilitarians protectionist.[224][225]

Law professor Gary Francione, a rights theorist and prominent abolitionist, argues that all sentient beings should have the right not to be treated as property, and that adopting veganism must be the baseline for anyone who believes that non-humans have intrinsic moral value.[226][n 21] Pursuing improved welfare conditions is like campaigning for "conscientious rapists" who will rape without beating, he argues.[225] Philosopher Tom Regan, also a rights theorist, argues that animals possess value as "subjects-of-a-life," because they have beliefs, desires, memory and the ability to initiate action in pursuit of goals. The right of subjects-of-a-life not to be harmed can be overridden by other moral principles, but pleasure, convenience, and the economic interests of farmers are not weighty enough.[228]

On the other hand, Katherine Wayne argues that while the property status of animals should be abolished, and veganism is a moral obligation in present circumstances, there could be conditions under which it may be morally appropriate to collect, consume, sell, or otherwise use animal products, though not to slaughter animals. She writes that relationships of use between asymmetrically dependent parties are essential to the functioning of cooperative society, and are therefore desirable.[229]

Philosopher Peter Singer, a prominent protectionist and utilitarian, argues that there is no moral or logical justification for failing to count animal suffering as a consequence when making decisions, and that killing animals should be rejected unless necessary for survival.[230] Despite this, he writes that "[e]thical thinking can be sensitive to circumstances," and that he is "not too concerned about trivial infractions."[231]

An argument proposed by Bruce Friedrich, also a protectionist, holds that strict adherence to veganism harms animals, because it focuses on personal purity, rather than encouraging people to give up whatever animal products they can.[232] For Francione, this is similar to arguing that, because human-rights abuses can never be eliminated, we should not defend human rights in situations we control. By failing to ask a server whether something contains animal products, we reinforce that the moral rights of animals are a matter of convenience, he argues. He concludes from this that the protectionist position fails on its own consequentialist terms.[233]

Another view is that ethical veganism remains "subtly human-centred." Philosopher Val Plumwood saw ethical veganism, which she called "Ontological Veganism," as an example of human/nature dualism in that it views humanity as separate from the rest of nature; ethical vegans want to admit non-humans into the category that deserves special protection, rather than recognize the "ecological embeddedness" of all.[234] Plumwood maintained that animal food may be an "unnecessary evil" from the perspective of the consumer who "draws on the whole planet for nutritional needs," and she strongly opposed factory farming, but for anyone relying on a much smaller ecosystem, it is very difficult or impossible to be vegan, she argued.[235]

Environmental vegans focus on conservation, rejecting the use of animal products on the premise that fishing, hunting, trapping and farming, particularly factory farming, are environmentally unsustainable.[16] Around 30% of the planet's surface is devoted to the livestock sector. In the United States ten billion land animals are killed every year for human consumption, and in 2005 48 billion birds were killed globally.[236][237] A 2006 UN report, Livestock's Long Shadow, concluded that livestock farming (mostly of cows, chickens and pigs) affects the air, land, soil, water, biodiversity, and climate change.[238]

Paul Watson of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society called pigs and chicken "major aquatic predators", and said that all Sea Shepherd ships are vegan for environmental reasons.[16] In 1999 222 million tonnes of meat were produced globally.[239] Livestock consumed 1,174 million tonnes of food in 2002, including 7.6 million tonnes of fishmeal and 670 million tonnes of cereals, one-third of the global cereal harvest.[240] In 2001 they consumed 45 million tonnes of roots and vegetables and 17 million tonnes of pulses.[241] As of 2006 the livestock industry accounted for 9% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, 37% of methane, 65% of nitrous oxide, and 68% of ammonia; livestock waste emitted 30 million tonnes of ammonia a year, which is involved in the production of acid rain.[242][243] Greenhouse gas emissions are not limited to animal husbandry. Plant agriculture such as rice cultivation can also cause environmental problems.[244]

Richard Oppenlander, a lecturer, author and environmental activist, believes the adoption of a vegan diet would significantly cut down on global warming,[246] reduce the prevalence of cancer, diabetes and other life-threatening illnesses,[247] and prevent loss of biodiversity.[248] He cites the destructive effect livestock farming has had on the rainforest, with 70% of all deforested land in the Amazon being used to raise cattle. [249]

Comparative studies of the impact and sustainability of different diets concluded that the vegan diet has a low land-use footprint, albeit requiring high quality croplands.[250] A 2010 UN report, Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production, argued that animal products "in general require more resources and cause higher emissions than plant-based alternatives."[251]:80 It argued that a move away from animal products is needed to reduce environmental damage.[n 22][252]

Steven Davis, a professor of animal science, argued in 2003 that, applying the least-harm principle, human beings should convert to a ruminant-based rather than plant-based diet, because of the animals killed by crop production.[253] Based on a finding that wood-mouse populations fell from 25 to five per hectare after harvest, Davis estimated that 10 animals per hectare are killed from crop farming every year. If all 120,000,000 acres (490,000km2) of cropland in the continental United States were used for a vegan diet, 500 million animals would die, but if half the land were used for ruminant pasture the number would be 900,000. This assumes that people switch to beef, lamb and dairy products from the eight billion poultry killed each year.[253]

Philosopher Andy Lamey argued that, to include nonhuman deaths in the moral cost of veganism, Davis must also include human deaths caused by his proposed diet.[254] Economist Gaverick Matheny wrote that Davis had miscalculated the animal deaths, basing his figures on land area rather than per consumer. In addition, by focusing on numbers rather than welfare, and by excluding factory-farmed animals, Davis had equated lives with lives worth living. His argument ignored the harm done to farmed animals: pain from branding, dehorning and castration, confinement, transport without food or water to a slaughterhouse, and a frightening death. Matheny argued that (strict) vegetarianism probably allows for a greater number of animals with lives worth living.[236]

Vegetarian and vegan diets may be referred to as plant-based and vegan diets as entirely plant-based.[15]

The next use was by the editor of The Healthian, a journal published by Alcott House, in April 1942: "To tell a man, who is in the stocks for a given fault, that he cannot be so confined for such an offence, is ridiculous enough; but not more so than to tell a healthy vegetarian that his diet is very uncongenial with the wants of his nature, and contrary to reason."[25]

A 1960s study reported that villagers in Iran eating little or no animal protein, living near animal manure and eating vegetables grown in human manure had normal B12 levels.[167]

National Institutes of Health, 2013: "In the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, bone fracture risk was similar in meat eaters, fish eaters and vegetarians, but higher in vegans, likely due to their lower mean calcium intake."[180]

Donald Watson, Vegan News, first issue, November 1944.

David N. Cassuto, "Owning What You Eat: The Discourse of Food," in J. Ronald Engel, Laura Westra, Klaus Bosselman (eds.), Democracy, Ecological Integrity and International Law, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.

Debra K. Moser, Barbara Riegel, Cardiac Nursing, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008, p.158.

Matthew Cole, "Veganism," in Margaret Puskar-Pasewicz (ed.), Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism, ABC-Clio, 2010 (pp.239241), p.241.

"Vegan diets becoming more popular, more mainstream", Associated Press, 6 January 2011.

Monica Dinu, Rosanna Abbate, Gian Franco Gensini, Alessandro Casini & Francesco Sofi, Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, February 2016: "From the analysis of the studies available in the literature we were able to determine that a significant protection versus ischemic heart disease and cancer is present in vegetarian subjects, but that this protection is not significant for overall mortality, cardio and cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, vegan diet seems to be associated with a lower rate of cancer incidence, but this result must be interpreted with caution, because of the very small sample size and the low number of studies evaluating this aspect."doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447 PMID 26853923

Marian Glick-Bauer, Ming-Chin Yeh, "The Health Advantage of a Vegan Diet: Exploring the Gut Microbiota Connection", Nutrients, 6(11), November 2014, pp.48224838. doi:10.3390/nu6114822 PMID 25365383

"Halt heart disease with a plant-based, oil-free diet", Harvard Heart Letter, 25(2), 1 October 2014, p.6. PMID 26027024

Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy, Metria Harris, "Key elements of plant-based diets associated with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome," Current Diabetes Reports, 14(9), August 2014, p.524. doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0524-y PMID 25084991

Lap Tai Le, Joan Sabat, "Beyond Meatless, the Health Effects of Vegan Diets: Findings from the Adventist Cohorts", Nutrients, 6(6), June 2014, pp.21312147: "In summary, vegetarians have consistently shown to have lower risks for cardiometabolic outcomes and some cancers across all three prospective cohorts of Adventists. Beyond meatless diets, further avoidance of eggs and dairy products may offer a mild additional benefit. Compared to lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, vegan diets seem to provide some added protection against obesity, hypertension, type-2 diabetes; and cardiovascular mortality. In general, the protective effects of vegetarian diets are stronger in men than in women." doi:10.3390/nu6062131 PMID 24871675

Philip J. Tuso, et al., "Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets", The Permanente Journal, 17(2), Spring 2013, pp.6166: "The major benefits for patients who decide to start a plant-based diet [vegetarian or vegan] are the possibility of reducing the number of medications they take to treat a variety of chronic conditions, lower body weight, decreased risk of cancer, and a reduction in their risk of death from ischemic heart disease." doi:10.7812/TPP/12-085 PMID 23704846

Winston J. Craig, "Health effects of vegan diets", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5), May 2009 (pp.1627S1633S), p.1627S: "A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases." doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N PMID 19279075

"Dietary Guidelines for Australia", National Health and Medical Research Council, p.13; "Government recognises vegan diet as viable option for all Australians", MND Australia, 12 July 2013.

"Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets", Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(6), June 2003 (pp.748765), p.755. PMID 12826028

Also see John Davis, "The earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian'", and "Extracts from some journals 184248 the earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian'", International Vegetarian Union.

John Davis, "Prototype Vegans," The Vegan, Winter 2010, pp.2223 (also here).

William Lambe, Joel Shew, Water and Vegetable Diet, New York: Fowler's and Wells, 1854 [London, 1815].

In 1838 William Alcott, Amos's cousin, published Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages (1838); see William A. Alcott, Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages, Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1838; Vegetable Diet, New York: Fowlers and Wells, 1851. The word vegetarian appears in the second edition but not the first.

William E. A. Axon, "A Forerunner of the Vegetarian Society", Vegetarian Messenger, December 1893, pp.453455.

Rupert Wheldon, No Animal Food, New York and New Jersey: Health Culture Co., 1910.

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Vegetarian restaurant Vegan restaurant Reviewer's choice

658 Cookman Ave.,Asbury Park, NJ 07712

(732) 776-7767

Pizzeria. Crust & Crumble is an authentic pizzeria at the Jersey shore. Their separate vegan menu features subs, pastas, and pizzas with both vegan cheese and vegan mockmeats. Try vegan sandwiches like the Cali 'Chicken,' Sausage & Pepper, or 'Meatball' Hero. Portions are quite generous so come hungry! Crust & Crumble is located inside the Shoppes at the Arcade.

Open Wednesday through Monday for lunch and dinner. Closed Tuesday Full service vegan options take-out, delivery, catering VISA/MC/DISC, $-$$$

609 Cookman Ave.,Asbury Park, NJ 07712

(732) 775-2633

Coffeehouse/caf. If you're near the New Jersey shore, then you must pay a visit to the Twisted Tree Caf! Menu items include the Tofu Meatball Wrap, Soy Chicken Salad Sandwich, and Focaccia Melt. They have homemade baked goods such as vegan cookies, brownies, and muffins; enjoy your dessert with a cup of coffee that includes your choice of soy, rice, almond, oat, hazelnut, or hemp milk. The Twisted Tree Caf strongly supports the arts in their community. They feature the works of local photographers and artists on their walls and local musicians play live music on weekends.

Open Wednesday, Thursday and Sunday for lunch and dinner. Open Friday and Saturday for lunch and dinner through late night. Closed Monday and Tuesday Limited service vegan options take-out, smoothies, soymilk, espresso VISA/MC, $-$$

locations

2801 Arctic Ave.,Atlantic City, NJ 08401

(609) 347-9119

Vietnamese. Little Saigon is a bright spot in Atlantic City and an oasis for vegetarians and vegans. Their menu has a section of 'Vegetarian Specialties' which includes the highly-recommended Asian Eggplant with Tofu.

Open daily for lunch and dinner Full service vegan options take-out, fresh juices, special beverages VISA/MC/AMEX, $$-$$$

1000 Boardwalk & Virginia Avenue,Atlantic City, NJ 08401

(609) 449-9200

Indian. If youre in Atlantic City, be sure to stop by Royal Alberts Palace in the Trump Taj Mahal Casino, which is located next to Casbah Night Club. This restaurant with authentic Indian cuisine offers a beautiful dining atmosphere since it offers a stunning ocean view and has a unique interior design. If youre a spinach-lover, there are multiple options for you to try like Aloo Saag, potatoes cooked with spinach in Indian herbs, and Mushroom Saag, sliced mushroom cooked with spinach in Indian herbs. Be sure to order some extra Tandoori Roti to eat your vegetables with!

Open daily for lunch and dinner. Full service vegan options beer/wine/alcohol, take-out, catering VISA/MC/DISC, $-$$$

locations

410 Main St.,Avon-by-the-Sea, NJ 07717

(732) 774-7333

Vegan/organic/raw foods/juice bar. From Seed to Sprout offers organic, whole foods that are made from scratch, including their own coconut milk. They use spelt flour or sprouted grain bread to maintain a gluten-free environment. They strictly use agave nectar for any sweetening. The restaurant has raw options, and a raw food cleanse program. Favorite menu items include Raw Eggnog Cheesecake, Foccacia, Sesame Miso Marinated Tempeh, Ginger Gelato, and Kelp Noodles. They are known for their fantastic Sunday brunches, featuring Chick Pea Frittata, Cashew Battered French Toast, Blueberry Spelt Pancakes, and Tofu Rancheros. Reservations are required for Thursday's dinner. The restaurant is closed between lunch and dinner, so please call ahead for hours.

Open Tuesday through Friday for lunch and dinner. Open Saturday and Sunday for brunch. Closed Monday Full service take-out, catering, fresh juices, smoothies, espresso/cappuccino VISA/MC/AMEX/DISC, $-$$

locations

68 Bridge Ave.,Bay Head, NJ 08742

Vegetarian. See description under Belmar, NJ entry.

locations

2613 Long Beach Blvd.,Beach Haven, NJ 08008

(609) 492-4066

Vegetarian/natural foods/juice bar. Living on the Veg offers sandwiches, wraps, salads, and more. They are open from March through November. Outdoor seating is available. Cash only.

Open Monday for lunch. Open Tuesday through Sunday for lunch and dinner Limited service vegan options take-out, catering, fresh juices, smoothies $

locations

803 Ocean Ave.,Belmar, NJ 07719

(732) 556-6951

Ice cream parlor. See description under Ocean Grove, NJ entry

1000 Main St.,Belmar, NJ 07719

(732) 280-1141

Vegan/natural foods. This mostly vegan restaurant features an international menu with choices like French onion soup, Oriental sesame salad, tacos, and falafel. If you're in the mood for some good ol' American food, try the vegetarian meatloaf with mashed potatoes and vegan gravy or seitan steak also served with mashed potatoes and vegetables. There are also blackboard specials every night that include vegan desserts. Kaya's is located at the corner of 10th & Main.

Open daily for lunch and dinner Full service vegan options take-out, catering, fresh juices, smoothies, special beverages, BYOB VISA/MC/AMEX/DISC, $$-$$$

803 Ocean Ave.,Belmar, NJ 07719

(732) 556-6897

Vegetarian. Enjoy a wide variety of Acai bowls, fruit bowls, and smoothies. Leave out the honey and they can be made vegan.

Open daily for breakfast, lunch, and dinner Counter service vegan options take-out VISA/MC/DISC, $

locations

1035 Broad St.,Bloomfield, NJ 07003

(973) 320-4157

Mexican. Taqueria Autentica serves up plenty of interesting and authentic Mexican food. Many of the options are already vegetarian-friendly and can easily be made vegan. Try any of their delicious veggie tacos like the Street-style Zucchini or the Hongos (mushrooms with herbs and spices). The eatery is closed between lunch and dinner, so please call ahead for hours. Cash only.

Open Tuesday through Saturday for lunch and dinner. Closed Sunday and Monday Full service vegan options take-out, catering, BYOB $$

locations

2063 Rt. 88,Brick, NJ 08724

(732) 892-9595

Chinese/Malaysian. Sentosa Restaurant is a popular and very veg-friendly eatery. Among their numerous vegetarian and vegan selections are Malaysian entres served with brown rice and dishes made with soy protein mockmeats or tofu.

Open Monday for dinner. Open Tuesday through Sunday for lunch and dinner Full service vegan options take-out, delivery, catering VISA/MC/DISC, $-$$

locations

(For restaurant listings in the surrounding areas, see Stone Harbor and Wildwood.)

19 Jackson St.,Cape May, NJ 08204

(609) 884-5970

Caf/bar/venue. This caf offers many vegan options including organic fruit and nut granola, vegan BLT breakfast sandwich, vegan black bean and tofu tostados, and vegan tofu scrambler for breakfast. For lunch enjoy the vegan black bean wrap along with several vegan side dishes including vegan corned "beef" hash. For dinner you can try vegan white bean ravioli, various pizzas with vegan cheese, vegan tostadas, etc. They have live music every night!

Open daily for breakfast, lunch, and dinner Full service vegan options wine/beer/alcohol, take-out, catering VISA/MC/DISC, $-$$$

locations

2442 Route 38,Cherry Hill, NJ 08002

(856) 755-1116

Kosher dairy/Mediterranean/pizza. Esti's Besty's is a kosher eatery that serves many classic Mediterranean and pizzeria-style dishes. Choose from favorites such as Falafel, Baba Ghanouj, or a Calzone. Or try any of the great fusion options like the Zatar Pizza. Although mostly vegetarian, they do serve tuna. Reservations are accepted.

Open Sunday through Thursday for lunch and dinner. Open Friday for lunch. Closed Saturday Full service vegan options take-out, delivery, catering VISA/MC/DISC, $-$$

955 Route 70 East,Cherry Hill, NJ 08034

(856) 795-1373

Middle Eastern/Mediterranean. Normas Eastern Mediterranean Cuisine is a great option if you are looking for some delicious Mediterranean food! It is not purely a vegetarian/vegan restaurant, however their menus are clearly labeled so you know if a dish is vegan, vegetarian, or gluten-free. They serve a variety of vegan dishes including hummus, Baba Ghanouj, lentil soup, and a falafel salad. They have a wide assortment of other soups, sandwiches, salads, and platters available to vegans and vegetarians alike.

Open daily for lunch and dinner Full service vegan options take-out, delivery VISA/MC/DISC, $-$$

2131 New Jersey 38,Cherry Hill, NJ 08002

(856) 910-1240

American/diner. Silver Diner serves American diner food but offers several vegetarian and vegan selections (both noted on the menu). Some of their vegan items include Pesto Veggie Pasta, Santa Fe Roasted Veggies, Black Bean Hummus, Mango Vegetarian Stir Fry, and SD Veggie Chili. They often use whole grain breads and offer gluten-free items as well as entres under 600 calories. This location of Silver Diner is across from the Cherry Hill Mall.

Open Monday through Saturday for three meals through late night service. Open Sunday for three meals Full service vegan options take-out, beer/wine VISA/MC, $-$$

locations

577 Haddon Ave.,Collingswood, NJ 08108

(856) 869-7322

Vegan/bakery. Sweet Freedom Bakery is a completely vegan bakery that is also gluten-free. This allergy-friendly bakery wants everyone to enjoy their treats which is why they are also corn-free, wheat-free, peanut-free, soy-free, casein-free, and use no refined sugars. But the good news is that they are not free of taste! Enjoy cakes, cookies, loaves, muffins, brownies, blondies, & more!

Open Tuesday through Sunday. Closed Monday Counter service take-out, delivery VISA/MC/AMEX, $-$$

locations

60 Diamond Spring Rd.,Denville, NJ 07834

(973) 625-1055

Caf. Caf Metro offers a diverse menu with vegetarian and vegan options, including stir-fries, grilled and steamed vegetables, soups, and salads in a completely smoke-free environment. Reservations are recommended.

Open Monday through Friday for lunch and dinner. Open Saturday and Sunday for dinner only Full service vegan options catering, take-out, fresh juices, espresso/cappuccino, smoothies, BYOB, outdoor seating VISA/MC/AMEX/DC, $$

57 Bloomfield Ave.,Denville, NJ 07834

(973) 586-7800

Vegan/Asian. Veggie Heaven offers an extensive vegan menu including soups, noodle dishes, and mockmeats. Desserts include Vanilla Soy Cheesecake, Tofu Ice Cream (vanilla almond bark, wild berry, chocolate, or butter pecan), and the extremely popular Green Tea Cake.

Open daily for lunch and dinner Full service take-out, delivery, catering, fresh juices, smoothies, special beverages, BYOB VISA/MC/AMEX/DISC, $$-$$$

locations

905 River Rd.,Edgewater, NJ 07020

(201) 941-4000

Natural foods store/deli. A wide variety of vegetarian and vegan foods are offered in the deli and on the salad bar.

Open daily Cafeteria vegan options take-out, fresh juices, VISA/MC, $-$$

locations

Oak Wood Plaza, 149 Wood Ave.,Edison, NJ 08820

(732) 767-0033

Vegetarian/Indian. Saravanaa Bhavan is part of the popular Chennai-based international franchise. Specializing in South Indian vegetarian cuisine, the restaurant offers traditional dishes including dosa, uthappam, curries, and locally-inspired dishes. Saravanaa Bhavan is closed between lunch and dinner, so please call ahead for hours.

Open daily for lunch and dinner. Full service vegan options take-out VISA/MC/DISC, $$

locations

150 Elmora Ave.,Elizabeth, NJ 07202

(908) 289-0291

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New Jersey | Restaurant Guide | Vegetarian Resource Group

Ez a szcikk a vegn trendrl s filozfirl szl. Hres vegnokrt lsd a Vegnok listjt. Veganizmus Bsgtl slt tofuval, vegn pizza, szusi s muffin Filozfia Lnyege: Az llati termkek hasznlatnak mellzse F irnyzatai: Etikai, krnyezeti, trendi Trtnelem Korai hirdeti: James Pierrepont Greaves (1777-1842) Amos Bronson Alcott (17991888) Bicsrdy Bla (1872-1951) Donald Watson (19102005) H. Jay Dinshah (19332000) A kifejezs eredete: 1944. november 1., a brit Vegan Society megalakulsnak napja Emberek Demogrfia: Nvekv npszersg Teljes npessg 0,1-2%-a kztt Hres vegnok: Bill Clinton, Mike Tyson, Pamela Anderson, Joaquin Phoenix, Carl Lewis, Serena Williams

A veganizmus az llati termkek hasznlatnak mellzse, mely a legltvnyosabban a tpllkozs tern nyilvnul meg, s a hozz kapcsold filozfia, amely elutastja az rezni kpes llatok rucikk sttuszt. A veganizmus kvetjt vegnnak nevezik.

Nha klnbsget tesznek a vegnok s a veganizmus klnbz tpusai kztt. Az trendi vegn (vagy szigor vegetrinus) az, aki kihagyja az trendjbl az llati termkeket (nemcsak a hst s halat, hanem a tejtermkeket, tojst, s gyakran a mzet is, tovbb egyb llati eredet anyagokat). Az etikai vegn vagy vegn letmd kifejezst gyakran alkalmazzk olyan emberre, aki nemcsak vegn trendet kvet, hanem a vegn filozfit lete egyb terleteire is kiterjeszti. Egy msik hasznlt kifejezs a krnyezetvdelmi veganizmus, ami az llati termkek elutastsra azon az alapon utal, hogy az llatok ipari mret kizskmnyolsa rtalmas a krnyezetre s nem fenntarthat.[1]

A vegn kifejezst Donald Watson, a brit Vegn Trsasg trsalaptja alkotta 1944-ben, tejtermk nlkli vegetrinus jelentssel; a trsasg a tojsfogyasztst is ellenezte. 1951-ben a trsasg a veganizmus defincijt kibvtette a kvetkez jelentsre: a vilgnzet, amely szerint az embernek az llatok kizskmnyolsa nlkl kellene lni. 1960-ban H. Jay Dinshah ltrehozta az Amerikai Vegn Trsasgot, a veganizmust az ahimsza azaz az llnyek elleni erszak kerlse dzsainista koncepcijhoz ktve.[2]

A veganizmus kicsi, de nvekv mozgalom. Sok orszgban gyarapodik a vegn ttermek szma, s bizonyos llkpessgi sportgak pldul a Vasember triatlon s az ultramaraton egyes lversenyzi a veganizmus, kztk a nyersev veganizmus szerint lnek.[3] A helyesen megtervezett vegn trendrl kiderlt, hogy vdelmet nyjt sok degeneratv betegsg, kztk a szvbetegsg ellen,[4] s az Amerikai Dietetikai Szvetsg (ADA) s a Kanadai Dietetikusok (Dietitians of Canada) szerint az letciklus brmely szakaszban megfelel.[5] A vegn trendnek ltalban magasabb az trendi rost, magnzium, folsav, C-vitamin, E-vitamin, vas s nvnyi hatanyag tartalma, s alacsonyabb a kalria, teltett zsr, koleszterin, hossz sznlnc omega-3 zsrsav, D-vitamin, kalcium, cink, s B12-vitamin tartalma.[6] Mivel a nvnyi telek ltalban nem tartalmaznak jelents mennyisg B12-t, a kutatk egyetrtenek abban, hogy a vegnoknak B12-vel dstott teleket kellene ennik, vagy naponta tpllkkiegsztt szednik.[7]

A vegetrinus szt a XIX. szzadban kezdtk hasznlni azokra utalva, akik kerltk a hst; akik kerltk a halat, tojst s tejtermkeket is, azokat szigor vagy teljes vegetrinusnak neveztk.[8] Az Oxford English Dictionary a sz legkorbbi hasznlatt Fanny Kemble (18091893) angol sznsznnek tulajdontja, aki 1839-ben az USA Georgia llamban rt errl.[9]

1834-ben Amos Bronson Alcott amerikai transzcendentalista s szigor vegetrinus (Louisa May Alcott apja) nzeteinek terjesztsre Bostonban megnyitotta a Temple School iskolt. 1838-ban James Pierrepont Greaves az angliai Surreyben Alcott House nven szvetkezeti kzssget s bentlaksos iskolt indtott, amely a szigor vegetrinus trendet kvette.[10] 1844-ben Alcott a massachusettsi Harvardban megalaptotta a szigor vegetrinus Fruitlands kzssget, br ez csak 7 hnapig maradt fenn.[11]

1847-ben az angliai Alcott House tagjai az ovo-lakto-vegetrinus Bible Christian Church egyhzzal, s a Truth-Tester antialkoholista folyirat olvasival egytt rszt vettek az els Vegetrinus Trsasg ltrehozsban. A Trsasg els tallkozjt Salford MP Joseph Brotherton (17831857) elnkletvel mg azon v szeptemberben tartotta Ramsgate Northwood Villa pletben.[12] 1851-ben megjelent egy cikk a Vegetrinus Trsasg magazinjban lbbelik esetn a br alternatvirl, amit a Nemzetkzi Vegetrinus Uni (IVU) bizonytknak tekint arra, hogy Angliban ltezett egy msik csoport, amely teljesen el akarta kerlni az llati termkek hasznlatt.[13] A Trsasg 1886-ban kzlte nagy hats, Krvny a vegetrinussgrt cm rst Henry Salt (18511939) aktivista tollbl. volt az egyik els r, aki megtette a paradigmavltst az llatjlttl az llatjog fel.[14] Ebben Salt elismerte, hogy vegetrinus, lerva, hogy ez egy ijeszt beismers, mert a htkznapi trsadalomban a vegetrinust csak kicsivel tartjk jobbnak az rltnl.[15]

Az els ismert vegn szakcsknyvet, Rupert H. Wheldon No Animal Food cm knyvt C.W. Daniel adta ki Angliban, 1910-ben.[17] Leah Leneman azt rja, hogy 1912-ben a TVMHR, a Vegetrinus Trsasg manchesteri szervezete jsgjnak szerkesztje vitt indtott az olvask kztt arrl, hogy a vegetrinusok kerljk-e el a tojst s tejtermket. A vlaszol 24 vegetrinus nzett e szavakkal sszegezte: A vegetrinusok tojs s tejtermk hasznlatnak vdelmben itt felhozott rvek nem kielgtk. Az egyetlen igazi t gabonn, hvelyeseken, gymlcsn, diflken s zldsgeken lni. Az jsg 1923-ban kzlte, hogy az idelis llspont vegetrinusok szmra a tartzkods az llati termkektl, s hogy a trsasg tagjainak nagy rsze tmeneti fzisban volt. 1935-ben megemltette, hogy a krds minden vvel egyre srgetbb vlik.[17]

1931-ben Mahtma Gandhi (18691948) felszlalt a Vegetrinus Trsasg egy londoni tallkozjn amelyen Henry Salt is rszt vett , azt hangoztatva, hogy a trsasgnak a hsmentes trendet morlis krdsknt, s nem az emberi egszsg krdseknt kellene hirdetnie. Norm Phelps azt rja, hogy ez a Trsasg ama tagjainak helyreutastsa volt, akik a vegetrinussg egszsgi elnyeire koncentrltak. Gandhi gy rvelt, hogy a vegetrinusok szoksa, hogy semmi msrl nem beszlnek, csak telrl, s csak betegsgrl. gy rzem, ez a dolog kezelsnek legrosszabb mdja... Azt fedeztem fel, hogy ahhoz, hogy valaki szilrdan kitartson a vegetrinussg mellett, etikai alapon kell llnia. Bartsgot kttt ms vezet vegetrinus aktivistkkal kzjk tartozott Salt s Anna Kingsford (18461888) angol orvosn, a The Perfect Way in Diet (1881) cm knyv rja.[16] Br Gandhi tovbbra is ivott tejet amit nem tudott feladni, s lete tragdijnak nevezett Phelps szerint beszde felhvs volt, hogy a Trsasg azonosuljon Salt llatjogi nzeteivel, s elfutra volt Donald Watson 1944-es nzeteinek.[16]

1943 jliusban Leslie Cross, a Leicester Vegetrinus Trsasg tagja annak hrlevelben, a The Vegetarian Messengerben aggodalmnak adott hangot, hogy a vegetrinusok mg fogyasztanak tejtermket. Egy vvel ksbb, 1944 augusztusban a trsasg kt tagja, Donald Watson (19102005) s Elsie "Sally" Shrigley (1978-ban hunyt el) javasolta a tejtermk nlkli vegetrinus alcsoport megalaktst. Amikor a vgrehajt bizottsg elvetette az elkpzelst, k ketten s tovbbi t ember november 1-jn tallkoztak a londoni Holborn Attic Clubjban, hogy megvitassk egy klnll szervezet fellltst, amit dntsk alapjn Vegn Trsasgnak fognak nevezni.[18]

Voltak egyb javaslatok a tejtermk nlkli vegetrinus helyettestsre ms tmr kifejezssel, mint a dairyban, vitan, benevore, sanivore, and beaumangeur, de Watson a vegn kifejezs - a vegetarian angol sz els hrom s utols kett betje - mellett dnttt. Ahogy 2004-ben fogalmazott, a vegetarian kezdete s vge.[19] A szt elszr 1962-ben kzlte fggetlen szcikknt az Oxford Illustrated Dictionary, gy definilva: olyan vegetrinus, aki nem eszik vajat, tojst, sajtot vagy tejet.[18] Fay K. Henderson a kvetkez vben publiklta a Vegn receptek knyvet; ez volt az els receptknyv a cmben a vegn szval.[17]

Az USA-ban az els vegn trsasgot 1948-ban alaptotta a kaliforniai Dr. Catherine Nimmo s Rubin Abramowitz. Nimmo 1931 ta volt vegn, s a brit Vegn Trsasg Vegan hrlevelt a levelezsi listjn bell elkezdte terjeszteni az USA-ban.[20] 1951-ben a brit Vegn Trsasg kiterjesztette defincijt a veganizmusrl: az alapelv, hogy az embernek az llatok kizskmnyolsa nlkl kellene lnie. Leslie Cross, a trsasg alelnke azt rta, hogy a veganizmus egy elv, ami nem annyira az [llatok] jltrl, inkbb a felszabadtsukrl szl. A trsasg elktelezte magt, hogy igyekszik vget vetni az llatok ember ltali hasznlatnak lelmiszer, rucikk, munkavgzs, vadszat, lveboncols s minden egyb clbl, amely az llat letnek ember ltali kizskmnyolsval jr. A tagoktl elvrtk, hogy nyilvntsk ki egyetrtsket, s annyira az eszmnynek megfelelen ljenek, amennyire csak tudnak.[21]

1957-ben H. Jay Dinshah (19332000), egy prszi fia Mumbaibl megltogatott egy vghidat, s elolvasta Watson nhny rst. Elhatrozta, hogy lemond minden llati termkrl, s 1960. februr 8-n New Jersey Malaga vrosban megalaptotta az Amerikai Vegn Trsasgot (AVS), beolvasztva Nimmo trsasgt is, a veganizmust kifejezetten sszektve az ahimsza koncenpcijval - ez egy szanszkrit sz, amely azt jelenti, nem rts. Az AVS ezt dinamikus rtalmatlansgnak nevezte, s hogy hangslyozza a kapcsolatot a veganizmussal, magazinjnak az Ahimsa nevet adta.[22] A filozfit kt alapknyv magyarzza el: Dinshah Out of the Jungle: The Way of Dynamic Harmlessness cm knyve (1965), s Victoria Moran Compassion, the Ultimate Ethic: An Exploration of Veganism cm knyve (1985); az utbbi elszr az Ahimsban jelent meg esszsorozatknt.[23] Ma a vegn szt mg mindig hasznljk mind a nvnyi alap trend, mind az letmd lersra, amely igyekszik teljesen kikszblni az llatok hasznlatt.[1] 1994 ta november 1-jn tartjk a Vegn Vilgnapot, a brit Vegn Trsasg 1944-es alaptsi dtumnak napjn.[24]

1997-ben az USA-ban 3 szzalk nyilatkozott gy, hogy az elz kt vben semmilyen clbl nem hasznltak llatokat.[25] 2005-ben a londoni The Times jsg a vegnok szmt 250 ezerre becslte az Egyeslt Kirlysgban, a The Independent 2006-ban pedig 600 ezerre.[26] Egy 2007-es brit kormnyfelmrsben kt szzalk vallotta magt vegnnak.[27] A Hollandiai Szervezet a Veganizmusrt 2007-ben a vegnok szmt 16 ezerre becslte Hollandiban, ami nagyjbl a lakossg 0,1 szzalka.[28] A Vegetarian Resource Group szmra vgzett felmrs 2008-ban arrl szmolt be, hogy az amerikaiak 0,5%-a, vagy 1 milli ember vallotta magt vegnnak.[29]

Magyarorszgon a 20. szzad elejn megjelen bicsrdizmus trekvse volt a nyers nvnyev tpllkozsmd.

Az 1980-as vekben ledez magyar vegetrinus mozgalommal jra megjelent a veganizmus is. A 90-es vekben Vass Gyrgy Boldizsr (Vegetrinusok Barti Kre, Budapest) nevhez fzdik a tma fellesztse, npszerstse, aki az akkortjt rendszeresen megjelen Vegetrinus Hrlevlben cikkezett errl. Napjainkban a veganizmus legnpszerbb hazai szszli kz tartozik Bonifert Anna, Sthr Grta s Dr. Tth Gbor.

Az etikai vegnok teljesen elutastjk az llatok rucikk ttelt. Az Egyeslt Kirlysg Vegn Trsasga csak akkor ad ki vegn igazolst egy termkrl, ha az mentes az llatok ignybevteltl, amennyire az csak lehetsges s praktikus.[30]

llati termk minden llatbl szrmaz anyag, kztk a hs, hal s rk, tojs, tejtermkek, mz, szrme, br, gyapj s selyem. Egyb ltalnosan hasznlt llati termkek, melyek egy rsznek llati eredete taln kevsb ismert: mhviasz, csontszn, csontporceln, krmin, kazein, kokcsinella, zselatin, halenyv, lanolin, disznzsr, llati olt, sellak, faggy, tejsav s hasznlt stzsiradkok. Sokat ezek kzl lehet, hogy nem tntetnek fel egy termk alapanyagai kztt.[31] Ellentt van a csoportok kztt arrl, milyen fokig kell kerlni az sszes llati, klnsen a rovaroktl szrmaz termket. A Vegn Trsasg s az Amerikai Vegn Trsasg sem tekinti vegnok szmra megfelelnek a mz, selyem s egyb rovaroktl szrmaz termkek hasznlatt, mg a Vegan Action s Vegan Outreach ezt szemlyes dnts krdsnek tekinti.[32]

Az etikai vegnok nem hasznlnak llati termkeket ruhzkodsra, illatszernek, vagy brmi ms clra, s prbljk elkerlni az llatokon tesztelt alapanyagokat. Nem vsrolnak szrmekabtot, brcipt, vet, tskt, pnztrct, gyapjpulvert, selyemslat, kamerhoz filmet, bizonyos vakcinkat, stb. Amikor vegnn vlnak, gazdasgi krlmnyeiktl fggen az ilyen dolgokat odaadhatjk jtkony szervezeteknek, vagy elhasznldsukig hasznljk ket. Az llati termkek nlkl kszlt ruhzat szles krben elrhet a boltokban s online is. A gyapj alternatvi kz tartoznak a pamut, kendervszon, mselyem s mszl. Egyes vegn ruhadarabok, klnsen a cipk, kolaj alap termkekbl kszlnek, ami kritikt vltott ki a termelskkel jr krnyezeti rtalom miatt.[33]

Brmilyen nvnyi alap tel lehet vegn. A htkznapi, llati alapanyagok nlkl ksztett vegn telek kz tartoznak a ratatouille, falafel, hummusz, vegn burrito, rizs s bab, vegn knai slt zldsg, s primavera tszta. A vegn konyhban elterjedten alkalmazzk az olyan alapanyagokat, mint a tofu, tempeh s szeitn. Nvnyi tejsznt s nvnyi tejet pldul mandula-, gabona- vagy szjatejet hasznlnak a tehn- vagy kecsketej helyett. A tyktojs helyett a vegn receptek almaszszt, rlt lenmagot, burgonyaprt, lgy vagy selyem tofut, vagy kereskedelmi, kemnytalap tojshelyettestket hasznlnak.[34]

Elterjedtek a szjbl s glutnbl kszlt hsptlk, vagy hamis hsok, mint a vegetrinus kolbsz, vegetrinus fasrt s vega burger. Azonban mivel nmelyik hs nlkli vegetrinus lelmiszer (kztk nhny vegetrinus kolbsz is) tartalmazhat tojst vagy tejtermket, ezrt ezek egy vegetrinus trendjnek elfogadhat rszei lehetnek, a vegnok szmra viszont nem azok. Szles krben hasznljk a szjbl, diflkbl s tpikbl kszlt sajtutnzatokat. A klnbz telekben a Chreese, Daiya, Teese, Tofutti s hasonl vegn sajtok helyettesthetik a tehnsajt zt s olvadkonysgt.[36] Joanne Stepaniak azt rja, hogy sajthelyettestket el lehet lltani otthon, a Vegan Vittles, The Nutritional Yeast Cookbook, s a The Uncheese Cookbook receptjeit hasznlva.[37]

Az Orvosok Bizottsga a Felels Gygyszatrt(en) az ltaluk ngy j lelmiszercsoportnak nevezett teleket ajnlja. Azt mondjk, hogy a vegnok s vegetrinusok naponta egyenek legalbb hrom adag zldsget, kztk sttzld, leveles zldsgeket, mint a brokkoli, s sttsrgt s narancssznt, mint a srgarpa; t adag teljes kirls gabont (kenyeret, rizst, tsztt); hrom adag gymlcst; s kt adag hvelyest (babflt, borst, lencst).[38]

Winston Craig, az Andrews Egyetem Tpllkozstudomnyi tanszknek vezetje azt rja, hogy a vegn trendnek ltalban magasabb az trendi rost-, magnzium-, folsav-, C-vitamin-, E-vitamin-, vas- s nvnyi hatanyag-tartalma, s alacsonyabb a kalria-, teltett zsr-, koleszterin-, hossz sznlnc omega-3 zsrsav-, D vitamin-, kalcium-, cink- s B12-vitamin-tartalma.[6]

Az USA Mezgazdasgi Minisztriuma s Egszsggyi Minisztriuma ltal kibocstott 2010-es trendi tmutat az amerikaiaknak azt rja, hogy a vegetrinus trenddel egytt jr az elhzs alacsonyabb szintje s a szv- s rrendszeri betegsg kisebb kockzata.[39] Az Amerikai Dietetikai Szvetsg (ADA) s a Kanadai Dietetikusok (Dietitians of Canada) 2003-ban kijelentetttk, hogy a megfelelen megtervezett vegn trend tpllkozsi szempontbl kielgt az let minden szakaszban, belertve a terhessget s szoptatst is, s egszsgi elnyket jelent bizonyos betegsgek gygytsban s megelzsben.[40] A Svjci Szvetsgi Tpllkozsi Bizottsg s a Nmet Tpllkozsgyi Trsasg nem ajnlja a vegn trendet.[41]

John A. McDougall, Caldwell Esselstyn, Neal D. Barnard, Dean Ornish, Michael Greger orvosok, s T. Colin Campbell tpllkozs biokmikus azt mondjk, hogy a magas llati zsr s fehrje tartalm trendek, mint a standard amerikai trend, htrnyosak az egszsgre, s az alacsony zsrtartalm vegn trend kpes megelzni s visszafordtani is a degeneratv betegsgeket, pldul a szvkoszorr betegsget s a cukorbajt.[4] Barnard egy 2006-os vizsglata kimutatta, hogy a 2. tpus cukorbajban szenvedknl az alacsony zsrtartalm vegn trend cskkentette a testslyt, teljes koleszterint s LDL koleszterint, s nagyobb mrtkben, mint az Amerikai Diabtesz Trsasg ltal elrt trend.[42]

Dr. Colin Campbell gynevezett Kna tanulmnya (The China Study), mely 30 vig tartott, s melynek eredmnyeit 2005 elejn hoztk nyilvnossgra, bebizonytotta, hogy a szv- s rrendszeri zavarok, a rk s a diabtesz annl gyakoribb, minl magasabb az llati fehrje mennyisge a tpllkban: "Arra jttnk r, hogy azok az emberek, akik 100%-ban tiszta nvnyi proteinnel tpllkoznak, maradand egszsggyi elnyhz jutnak. Minl magasabb a tejtermkfogyaszts, annl magasabb a csontritkuls (oszteoporzis) rizikja. Ez tnyleg gy van - s nem fordtva."[43]

A 12 ven t tart Oxford Vegetrinus Tanulmny amelybe 1980 s 1984 kztt 11 ezer rsztvevt regisztrltak azt mutatta, hogy a vegnok teljes koleszterin s LDL koleszterin koncentrcii alacsonyabbak, mint a hsevk. Az elhallozsok arnya alacsonyabb volt a hst nem fogyasztk kztt, mint a hsevk kztt; az ischmis szvbetegsg miatti elhallozs pozitv korrelcit mutatott az llati zsrfogyasztssal s az trendi koleszterin szintjvel.[44]

Az Amerikai Dietetikai Szvetsg s a Kanadai Dietetikusok szerint a hsmentes trendekben ltalban alacsonyabb a teltett zsr, koleszterin s llati fehrje szintje, s magasabb a sznhidrtok, rost, magnzium, klium, folsav, antioxidnsok pl. C s E vitamin s nvnyi hatanyagok szintje. Arrl szmoltak be, hogy a hstl tartzkod embereknek alacsonyabb a testtmeg indexe, mint azok, akik az tlagos kanadai vagy amerikai trenden lnek. Ebbl kvetkezik az ischmis szvbetegsg miatti elhallozs kisebb gyakorisga, alacsonyabb vrkoleszterinszint, alacsonyabb vrnyoms, s a magas vrnyoms, 2. tpus cukorbaj, prosztata- s vgblrk kisebb gyakorisga.[45]

Egy 1999-es, t tanulmnyt elemz metatanulmny, amely a nyugati orszgok hallozsi gyakorisgait hasonltotta ssze, azt tallta, hogy az ischmis szvbetegsg miatti elhallozs 26%-kal volt alacsonyabb a vegnoknl a kznsges hsevkkel szemben; ugyanez 20%-kal volt alacsonyabb az alkalmanknt hsevknl, 34%-kal volt alacsonyabb a pescetrinusoknl (akik esznek halat, de ms hst nem), s 34%-kal volt alacsonyabb a lakto-ovo vegetrinusoknl (olyan vegetrinusok, akik nem esznek hst, tejet s tojst viszont igen). A vegnok esetben a pescetrinusokkal s lakto-ovo vegetrinusokkal szemben szlelt kisebb vdelmet a homocisztein magasabb szintjnek tulajdontjk, amit az elgtelen B12-szint okoz; gy gondoljk, hogy az elegend B12-hz jut vegnoknl az ischmis szvbetegsgnek mg a lakto-ovo vegetrinusoknl is kisebb kellene, hogy legyen a kockzata. Nem talltak ms okokbl jelents klnbsget az elhallozsban.[46]

Egy nagy 15 ves vizsglat, ami az trend s az letkortl fgg szrkehlyog kockzata kzti kapcsolatot vizsglta az Egyeslt Kirlysgban, azt tallta, hogy a vegnoknl a szrkehlyog kialakulsnak kockzata 40%-kal alacsonyabb volt, mint a legnagyobb hsevknl.[47]

Az Amerikai Dietetikai Szvetsg 2003-ban arrl szmolt be, hogy a vegetrinus trendek gyakoribbak lehetnek a tpllkozsi rendellenessgektl szenved tizenvesek kztt, de a bizonytk azt sugallja, hogy a vegetrinus trend elfogadsa nem vezet tpllkozsi rendellenessgekhez, hanem inkbb a vegetrinus trendet vlaszthatjk, hogy lczzanak egy meglv tpllkozsi rendellenessget."[45] A dietetikusok s tancsadk ms vizsglatai s kijelentsei altmasztjk ezt a konklzit.[48]

A Vegn Trsasg s a Vegn Outreach azt ajnlja, hogy a vegnok egyenek B12-vel dstott lelmiszert, pldul dstott szjatejet vagy gabonapelyhet, vagy szedjenek tpllkkiegsztt. A B12-t baktriumok termelik, nvnyi lelmiszerekben nem lehet megbzhatan megtallni, s szksg van r a vrsvrtestek kialakulshoz s rshez, a DNS szintzishez, s a normlis idegfunkcihoz; hinya szmos egszsgi problmhoz vezethet, kztk makrociter anmihoz.[7]

A vegnoknak jdkiegsztsre lehet szksge olyan orszgokban, ahol a konyhast nem jdozzk, alacsony szinten jdozzk, vagy mint Angliban s rorszgban, a tejtermkekre tmaszkodnak a jd bevitelnl, a talajban lv alacsony koncentrcik miatt.[44] Jdhoz lehet jutni a legtbb vegn multivitaminbl, vagy a tengeri alga, pldul a tengeri hnr (kelp) rendszeres fogyasztsbl.[49]

A vegnoknak ajnlott naponta hrom adag magas kalciumtartalm telt fogyasztani, pldul dstott szjatejet, mandult, mogyort, s szksg szerint kalciumkiegsztt szedni.[45] Az EPIC-Oxford vizsglat szerint a vegnoknl nagyobb a csonttrs kockzata, mint a hsevknl s vegetrinusoknl, valsznleg az trenddel bevitt kevesebb kalcium miatt, de azoknl a vegnoknl, akik naponta 525mg-nl tbbet fogyasztanak, a trs kockzata hasonl, mint ms csoportoknl.[50]

Egy 2009-es csontsrsgi vizsglat azt tallta, hogy a vegnok csontsrsge a mindenevk 94%-a, a klnbsget viszont klinikailag elhanyagolhatnak tartottk.[51] Ugyanazok a kutatk egy msik 2009-es vizsglatban tbb mint 100 klimaxon tli vegn nt vizsgltak meg, s azt talltk, hogy trendjknek nincs htrnyos hatsa a csontsrsgre (BMD), s nincs vltozs a testtartsukban.[52]T. Colin Campbell biokmikus megemlti a Kna tanulmnyban (2005), hogy a csontritkuls az llati fehrje fogyasztshoz ktdik, mert a nvnyi fehrjvel ellenttben az llati fehrje fokozza a vr s a szvetek savassgt, amit azutn a csontokbl kivont kalcium semlegest. Campbell azt rja, hogy az ltala vezetett Kna-Cornell-Oxford tanulmny a tpllkozsrl az 1980-as vekben azt tallta, hogy Kna vidki terletein, ahol az llati [fehrje] arnya a nvnyi fehrjhez kpest 10% krl volt, a csonttrs gyakorisga az USA-ban szleltnek csak egytde.[43]

A D-vitamint illeten a Vegan Outreach azt rja, hogy a vilgos br emberek megfelel mennyisghez juthatnak, ha naponta 10-15 percet a napon tltenek; stt brek 20 percet; az idsek pedig 30 percet. Klnben ajnlott a 400 s 1000 IU kztti tpllkkiegszts, mert a legtbb vegn trend kevs, vagy semennyi D-vitamint nem tartalmaz kiegsztk vagy dstott telek nlkl.[53]

A hsevk s vegnok llapota vas tekintetben hasonlnak tnik, s idvel a test felszvdsi folyamatai a felszvdsi hatkonysg fokozsval alkalmazkodhatnak az alacsonyabb bevitelhez.[54] A melasz magas vastartalm lelmiszer, sok vegn fogyasztja kanalanknt, mint vaskiegsztst.

A Vegan Outreach azt javasolja, hogy a megfelel mennyisg omega-3 zsrsavak bevitele rdekben a vegnok fogyasszanak naponta 0,5 g alfa-linolnsavat, pldul teskanlnyi lenmagolaj formjban, s kis mennyisg omega-6 zsrsavat tartalmaz olajokat hasznljanak, mint amilyen az olva-, repce-, avokd- vagy fldimogyor-olaj.[55]

Az Amerikai Dietetikai Szvetsg a jl megtervezett vegn trendet az letcikuls brmely szakaszra, kztk a terhessgre s szoptatsra is megfelelnek tartja, de azt ajnlja, hogy a vegn anyk szedjenek vas, D s B12 vitamin kiegsztt.[45][56] A Vegn Trsasg azt ajnlja, hogy a vegn anyk szoptassanak, hogy erstsk a gyermek immunrendszert s cskkentsk az allergik kockzatt.[57] sszefggst talltak szoptat vegetrinus anyk B12 hinya s gyermekeik hinytnetei s neurolgiai rendellenessgei kztt.[58] Egyes kutatk azt javasoljk, hogy terhes s szoptat anyknak az esszencilis omega-3 zsrsav alpha-linolnsavat s szrmazkaikat is ptolni kellene, mivel ezek szintje a legtbb vegn trendben nagyon alacsony, s a metabolikusan kapcsold docosahexnsav (DHA) fontos a fejld lt s kzponti idegrendszerhez.[59] A Svjci Szvetsgi Tpllkozsi Bizottsg s a Nmet Tpllkozsgyi Trsasg gyerekek, terhesek s idsek esetn ellenzi a vegn trendet.[41]

Az anya vegn trendjt kapcsolatba hoztk alacsony szletsi testsllyal[60] s az ikrek elfordulsnak tszr kisebb gyakorisgval, br az idzett cikk arra kvetkeztet, hogy a nem-vegnok ltal fogyasztott tejtermkek azok, amik fokozzk az ikrek gyakorisgt, klnsen olyan vidkeken, ahol nvekedsi hormont etetnek a tejtermel tehenekkel.[61] Nhny esetben beszmoltak (gerinc torzulst s trseket eredmnyez) slyos csecsem s gyermek alultplltsgrl, s nhny csecsem hallrl olyan csaldokban, ahol a szlk rosszul megtervezett vegn trenddel tplltk gyermekket s nmagukat.[62] Dr. Amy Lanou, az Orvosok Bizottsga a Felels Gygyszatrt tpllkozsi igazgatja, s az egyik gynl a vd szakrt tanja azt rta, hogy a vegn trendek nemcsak biztonsgosak a kisbabknak; hanem egszsgesebbek, mint az llati termkeken alapulk. Mint rja, az igazi problma az volt, hogy [a gyereknek] nem adtak semmifle, elegend mennyisg lelmiszert.[63]

Brita C. Moilanen, a Children's National Medical Center (USA, Washington DC) kutatja szerint "Szmtalan szakrt egymstl fggetlenl arra a kvetkeztetsre jutott, hogy a vegn tpllkozs biztonsgos, mely sem a megfelel tpanyagelltsnak, sem (pl. gyermekkorban) a megfelel nvekedsnek nem rt, radsul mg figyelemremlt egszsggyi elnykkel is jr."[64]

Az trendi vegnok teljesen nvnyi alap trenden lnek akr egszsgi okokbl, akr az llatok jlte miatt , de ms clokbl mg tovbb hasznlhatnak llati termkeket. Joanne Stepaniak, a Being Vegan (2000) cm knyv szerzje szerint a vegn sz el tve az trendi minsgjelzt felhgtjuk annak jelentst mintha a vilgi katolikus kifejezst hasznlnnk olyan emberekre, akik a katolicizmusnak csak bizonyos aspektusait akarjk gyakorolni.[66] Azt rja, az embereknek nem kellene vegnnak hvniuk nmagukat pusztn azrt, mert elfogadtk az trendet: A vegn trend kvetstl nem lesz valaki jobban vegn, mint ahogy a kser tel fogyasztstl lesz zsid.[67]

2011 janurjban az Associated Press arrl szmolt be, hogy a vegn trend az USA-ban jelentktelen irnyzatbl kezd f irnyzatt vlni, bestsellerr vlnak az olyan vegn knyvek, mint a Skinny Bitch (2005), s tbb hressg prblkozik a vegn trenddel. Az AP szerint az Orszgos ttermi Szvetsg ltal megkrdezett 1500 sfnek tbb mint fele felvett az tlapra vegn fteleket, az tteremlncok pedig a meniken kezdik megjellni a vegn teleket.[68]

Oprah Winfrey 2008-ban 21 napra vegn trendre vltott, s 2011-ben egy htre ugyanezt krte a 378 tag produkcis stbjtl.[69] 2010-ben szvmttje utn vegn trendre vltott Bill Clinton korbbi amerikai elnk; lnya, Chelsea, mr vegn volt. trendjben kvette Dean Ornish, Caldwell Esselstyn, s T. Colin Campbell tancst: fleg babflk, pillangsok, zldsgek, gymlcsk, s naponta egy mandulatejbl, gymlcsbl s fehrjeporbl ll ital.[70] 2010 novemberben a Bloomberg Businessweek arrl szmolt be, hogy az amerikai cgvezetk egyre nagyobb szmban vlnak vegnn, kztk Steve Wynn, Mortimer Zuckerman, s Russell Simmons.[71]

Az etikai vegnok a veganizmust filozfinak, letmdnak, elvek sszessgnek tartjk, s nem egyszeren egy trendnek. Bob Torres, a Vegan Freak (2005) rja szerint az etikai veganizmus abbl ll, hogy a fajizmus tudatos ellenzjeknt led az leted.[72]

Carol J. Adams, vegn feminista rn a hinyz alany koncepcit hasznlta annak lersra, amit pszicho-szocilis sztkapcsolsnak nevez a fogyaszt s az elfogyasztott kztt. A The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990) cm knyvben, amit a The New York Times a vegn kzssg biblijaknt jellemez, ezt rta: Minden hsos tkezs mgtt ott van egy hiny: az llat halla, akinek helyt a hs elfoglalja. A hinyz alany az, ami elvlasztja a hsevt az llattl, s az llatot a vgtermktl. A hinyz alany funkcija az, hogy elvlassza a hsunkat brmi olyan gondolattl, hogy valamikor egy llat volt, tvol tartsa a m, kot-kot, s b hangokat a hstl, tvol tartson attl, hogy valamit valakinek lssunk.[73]

A veganizmus etikai alapjrl zajl filozfiai vita abbl szrmazik, hogy az llatjogi terinak kt klnbz megkzeltse is ltezik: az egyik a jogokon alapul vagy deontolgiai megkzelts, a msik pedig a haszonelv (utilitarista) vagy kvetkezmnyetikai (konzekvencialista) megkzelts. Tom Regan, az szak-Karolinai llami Egyetem nyugalmazott filozfiaprofesszora a jogokon alapul megkzelts elmleti szakembere, s gy rvel, hogy az llatok az let tlsnek kpessge miatt nll rtkkel brnak hiszen rendelkeznek meggyzdsekkel, vgyakkal, rzelmi lettel, memrival s a cltudatos cselekvs kpessgvel , ebbl kvetkezen pedig gy kell tekinteni rjuk, mint akik nmagukban is clok, nem pedig egy cl eszkzei.[74] Azt mondja, hogy az ilyen kpessg llnyek azon jogt, hogy ne essenek rtalomnak ldozatul, csak akkor lehet fellbrlni, ha azt fellmljk ms, hiteles etikai elvek. De az llati termkek fogyasztsa mellett felsorolt okok lvezet, knyelem, s a gazdk gazdasgi rdekei nem elegend slyak ahhoz, hogy fellbrljk az llatok etikai jogait.[75]

Gary L. Francione, a newarki Rutgers Jogi Egyetem jogszprofesszora szintn a jogokon alapul megkzelts szakrtje. Amellett rvel, hogy minden rz lnynek meg kellene, hogy legyen legalbb egy joga a jog, hogy ne tulajdonknt bnjanak vele, s a vegnn vlsnak vitathatatlan minimumnak kell lennie brki szmra, aki a ms fajhoz tartoz llatokra gy tekint, mint akiknek nll erklcsi rtkk van; ennek elmulasztsa olyan, mint az emberi jogok mellett rvelni, mikzben valaki tovbbra is rabszolgkat tart. Azt rja, hogy nincs logikus klnbsg a hsevs, valamint a tejtermk- s tojsfogyaszts kztt; a tehenszetekben s tojsfarmokon hasznlt llatok tovbb lnek, rosszabbul bnnak velk, s ugyanazokon a vghidakon ktnek ki. Francione kritizlja a konzekvencialista nzeteket, amelyek megengedik az esetenknti kivteleket a vegn elvek all.[77]

Peter Singer, a Princeton Egyetem bioetika professzora a krdst az utilitarista filozfia nzpontjbl kzelti meg. gy rvel, hogy nem ltezik erklcsi vagy logikai mentsgnk arra, hogy figyelmen kvl hagyjuk az llatoknak okozott szenvedst az etikai dntseink sorn s hogy az rz lt az egyetlen olyan jellegzetessg, amely szszer mdon meghatrozhatja, hogy egy lny rdekeit figyelembe kell-e vennnk. Pusztn az llatok meglst nem helytelenti, de gy vli, hogy konzekvencialista nzpontbl kerlend gy tenni, hacsak nem szksges a tllshez.[78] Singer clja az llatok szenvedsnek cskkentse, s e cl eszkzeknt mind a veganizmust, mind pedig a haszonllatok tartsi krlmnyeinek javtst tmogatja.[79]

Francionval ellenttben Singert nem aggasztja az, amit a vegn alapelvek trivilis megszegseinek nevez, kijelentve, hogy nem a szemlyes tisztasgrl van sz. Tmogatja az gynevezett prizsi kivtelt: ha egy j tteremben tallod magad, engedd meg magadnak, hogy azt eszel, amit akarsz, s ha idegen helyen vagy, ahol nem jutsz hozz vegn telhez, elfogadhat, ha ehelyett vegetrinus vagy.[80]

A prizsi kivtel Singer ltali tmogatsa rsze az llatjogi mozgalmon belli arrl szl vitnak, hogy milyen mrtkig kellene hirdetni a kivtelek nlkli szigor veganizmust. A nzeteket jl tkrzi az eltrs a Singer s a PETA ltal kpviselt konzekvencialista, llatvd oldal s a Francione ltal kpviselt, jogokat hangslyoz abolicionista megkzelts kztt. Elbbi gy rvel, hogy a fokozatos vltozs eljuthat valdi reformhoz, mg utbbi szerint a ltszlagos jlti reform csak a kzvlemny meggyzst szolglja arrl, hogy az llatok hasznlata erklcsileg nem problematikus. Singer 2006-ban kijelentette, hogy a mozgalomnak tolernsabbnak kellene lennie azok irnt, akik az llati termkek hasznlata mellett dntenek, ha k gyelnek arra, hogy az llatoknak elfogadhat letk legyen.[81] A PETA rszrl Bruce Friedrich ugyanabban az vben kijelentette, hogy a szigor ragaszkods a veganizmushoz megszllottsgg vlhat. Mint rja, a veganizmusnak nem kellene dogmnak lenni:

Mind ismernk embereket, akik azrt nem vlnak vegnn, mert nem tudnak lemondani a sajtrl vagy jgkrmrl...

Ahelyett, hogy arra btortannk ket, hogy a sajton vagy jgkrmen kvl hagyjk abba minden egyb llati termk fogyasztst, a tejtermel tehenek elnyomsrl papolunk nekik. Majd azzal folytatjuk, hogy mi nem esznk cukrot vagy vega burgert a zsemle miatt, br a zsemlben a kevske vaj z lnyegesen kevesebb szenvedst jelent, mint brmilyen nem bio gymlcs vagy zldsg, vagy egy manyag palack, vagy 100 egyb dolog, amit legtbben hasznlunk. Fanatikus megszllottsgunk az alapanyagokkal nemcsak az llatok szenvedst bortja homlyba ami szinte nem ltezik az alapanyag ama apr adagja miatt hanem alighanem azt is garantlja, hogy a krlttnk lvk semmit nem fognak vltoztatni.

Francione azt rja, hogy ez a nzet ahhoz hasonlt, mintha azt mondannk, hogy mivel az emberi jogokkal val visszalst soha nem lehet teljesen felszmolni, ezrt nem kellene vnunk az emberi jogokat a felgyeletnk alatt ll helyzetekben sem. Mint rja, azzal, hogy elmulasztjuk megkrdezni a felszolgltl, hogy valamiben van-e llati termk, azrt, hogy ne csapjunk hht, megerstjk azt az elkpzelst, hogy az llatok erklcsi jogai egy knyelmi krds. Ebbl arra kvetkeztet, hogy a PETA/Singer nzet mg sajt konzekvencialista terepn is kudarcot vall.[83]

A krnyezeti okokbl vegnn vlk gyakran azrt tesznek gy, mert az kevesebb erforrst fogyaszt s kisebb krnyezeti krt okoz. A PETA s hasonl szervezetek rmutatnak, hogy az llattartsnak kze van a klmavltozshoz, vzszennyezshez, talajleromlshoz, a biodiverzits cskkenshez, s a kereskedelem rvn elrhet llati alap trend tbb fldet, vizet s energit hasznl, mint a szigoran vegetrinus.[85]

A tejtermelsrl nmet nyelven ezen a svjci honlapon tallhat informci.

Az ENSZ lelmezsgyi s Mezgazdasgi Szervezete (FAO) 2006 novemberben jelentst tett kzz, sszektve az llattartst a krnyezet krosodsval. A jelents, Az llattarts hossz rnyka, gy sszegez, hogy az llattart gazat (elssorban a tehenek, csirkk s sertsek) egyike annak a kt vagy hrom gazatnak, amelyek a bolyg legslyosabb krnyezeti problmihoz a legkomolyabban hozzjrulnak, minden szinten, a helyitl a globlisig. A jelents szerint, CO2-egyenrtkben mrve, az llattarts felels a vilg veghzhats gz kibocstsainak legalbb 18 szzalkrt. Az llattarts (kztk a krdzk emsztse s a trgya) felels az USA emberi eredet, szn-dioxid egyenrtkben kifejezett veghzhats gz kibocstsnak 3,1%-rt.[86] Ez az EPA becsls a UNFCCC Rszes Felek Konferencija (COP) ltal elfogadott metodikn alapul, s az IPCC Msodik rtkel Jelentsbl szrmaz 100 ves globlis melegt kapacitsokat hasznltk az veghzhats gz-kibocstsok szn-dioxid egyenrtkknt val becslsekor. 2010 jniusban egy ENSZ Krnyezetvdelmi Program (UNEP) jelents kijelentette, hogy globlis vltsra van szksg a vegn trend fel, hogy megmentsk a vilgot az hnsgtl, zemanyaghinytl s klmavltozstl.[87]

Az veghzhats gz kibocstsok nem korltozdnak az llattartsra. Hasonl problmkat okoznak nvnyi forrsok, mint a rizstermeszts.[88] Egy 2007-es vizsglat, amely New York llam fldrajzi viszonyai kztt szimullta a klnbz trendek fldhasznlatt, arra kvetkeztetett, hogy br a vegetrinus trendek hasznltk fejenknt a legkisebb fldterletet, egy alacsony zsrtartalm trend, amely tartalmaz nmi hst s tejtermket naponta kevesebb mint 57 grammot, azaz lnyegesen kevesebbet, mint amennyit az tlag amerikai elfogyaszt ugyanazon a fldterleten kicsivel tbb embert tudna elltni, mint egyes magas zsrtartalm vegetrinus trendek, mert az llati takarmnyokat rosszabb minsg fldn termesztik, mint az emberi fogyasztsra sznt termnyeket.[89]

Steven Davis, aki az llattudomnyok professzora az Oregon llami Egyetemen, 2001-ben azt rta, hogy a legkisebb rtalom elve nem kvnja meg a lemondst az sszes hsrl, mert egy nvnyi alap trend nem l meg kevesebb llatot, mint az, amelyik sznn tartott krdzkbl szrmaz marhahst tartalmaz. Davis szerint a nvnytermeszts is l llatokat, mert amikor egy traktor vgigmegy egy fldn, llatok vletlenszeren elpusztulnak. Egy vizsglat adataira alapozva, amely szerint a betakartst kveten az erdei egr populci hektronknt 25-rl 5-re esett (amit az elvndorlsnak s elhallozsnak tulajdontottak), Davis gy becslte, hogy vente hektronknt 10 llat elpusztul a nvnytermeszts miatt. Ha az USA sszefgg 48 llamnak teljes 490 000 km-nyi termfldjt vegn trendre hasznlnk, akkor megkzeltleg 500 milli llat halna meg vente. De ha a termfld felt talaktank krdzk legeljv, akkor becslse szerint csak 900 ezer feltve, hogy az emberek tvltanak az vente meglt 8 millird baromfirl marhahsra, birkra s tejtermkekre.[90]

Davis elemzst kritizlta Gaverick Matheny s Andy Lamey 2003-ban a Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics hasbjain. Matheny szerint Davis tvesen szmolta ki az elpusztult llatok szmt, terleti alapon, ahelyett, hogy fogyaszti alapon fejenknt szmolt volna, s helytelenl tett egyenlsgjelet az llatoknak okozott kr ... s az elpusztult llatok szma kz. Matheny szerint fejenknt, fogyaszti alapon a vegn trend kevesebb vadon l llatot puszttana el, mint a Davis modellje szerinti trend, s a vegetrinussg valszn tbb lhet let llat ltezst teszi lehetv.[91] Lamey szerint Davis szmtsa a betakartssal sszefgg hallesetek szmrl hibs, mert kt tanulmnyon alapul; az egyik beleszmtotta a ragadozk ltali halleseteket, ami Regan szerint erklcsileg nem ellenezhet, a msik pedig egy nem standard termny ellltst vizsglta, ami Lamey szerint kevss alkalmazhat a tipikus nvnytermeszts sorn elfordul hallesetekre. Mathenyhez hasonlan Lamey is megjegyezte, hogy a vletlenszer hall erklcsileg klnbz a szndkostl, s ha Davis beleszmtja a veganizmus erklcsi kltsgbe az llatok vletlenszer hallt, akkor figyelembe kell vennie a javasolt trendjvel jr [lltlagos] megnvekedett emberi elhallozst is, amely utn Lamey szerint inkbb Davis, mint Regan rvelse a kevsb elfogadhat.[92]

Todd Ingram, a Scott Pilgrim a vilg ellen cm film s kpregny karaktere az egyik legnehezebben legyzhet rdgi ex, akivel Scottnak meg kell kzdenie. A Vegn Akadmira jrt, ahol elsajtthatta a vegnsg minden fortlyt, gy jutott hozz klnleges kpessgeihez. Specilis trendje emberfeletti ervel ruhzza fel t, kzelharcban verhetetlen, egyetlen klcsapssal falakat rombol le, radsul ha gitrprbajra kerl sor, nincs ellenfl, akinek lealzsa nehzsget jelentene szmra. Amint azonban megszegi a vegnsg szablyait, ereje szertefoszlik. Minden szupervegnt szigoran ellenriz a Vegn Rendrsg, ami ell nincs menekvs.

"Felntteket vizsglva, a nem-vegetrinus tkezsi szoksokkal sszehasonltva, a vegetrinus tkezsi szoksokhoz javul egszsggyi kiltsok trsulnak az elhzs alacsonyabb szintje, szv- s rrendszeri betegsgek cskken kockzata, s ltalnos cskken halandsg.

A vegetrinusok ltalban kisebb arnyban fogyasztanak zsrokbl (klnsen teltett zsrsavakbl) szrmaz kalrit; sszessgben kevesebb kalrit fogyasztanak; s tbb rostot, kliumot s C-vitamint, mint a nem-vegetrinusok. ltalban a vegetrinusoknak alacsonyabb a testtmeg-indexe. E jellemzk s a vegetrinus trenddel jr tovbbi letmdbeli tnyezk llhatnak a vegetrinusok kztt megfigyelt kedvez egszsggyi vltozsok mgtt."

Ez a szcikk rszben vagy egszben a Veganism cm angol Wikipdia-szcikk ezen vltozatnak fordtsn alapul. Az eredeti cikk szerkesztit annak laptrtnete sorolja fel.

The rest is here:

Veganizmus Wikipdia

20 Church Street Montclair, NJ

973.744.5503

Welcome!

Wow Summer came and went! We really enjoyed being open for lunch/dinner and will expand our Fall hours to include

Friday and Saturday night dinners in addition to being open Tuesday through Saturday for lunches. (Reservations are highly

recommended as outdoor seating is very popular)

Mundo Vegan will be closed the week of August 29th through September 5th.

*We will be opening for grab and go as well as our retail offering beginning October 2, when Montclair is celeberating

Our "OPEN STREETS/ CYCLOVIA" festival lots of fun for family and children of all ages!*

Our Fall hours beginning September 6th are:

Tuesday: 11:30-4:00pm

Wednesday: 11:30-9:00pm

Thursday: 11:30-9:00pm

Friday: 11:30-9:00pm

Saturday: 12-9:00pm

See you soon

If you would like to pick up take out or order from our catering menu please call us and we can help you make

arrangements.

**Gift Certificates are available please call or stop in and we can even mail them for you!**

We have a wonderful catering menu for your party at home or have a party here at Mundo Vegan! Book it on a Sunday,

please call for more information and ask for Tracey who'llgladly help you out with any concerns or answer questions.

We look forward to welcoming you.

Read more:

Mundo Vegan | Montclair, NJ 07042

The Blog

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Janice Stanger, PhD, 08.10.2016

Have you ever anxiously wondered, when planning a trip, how you would find plant-based meals to stay full, energized, and happy? I found Wendy Werneth's free ebook, 9 Steps for Easy Vegan Travel, so useful that I contacted her to learn more...

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Dustin Rudolph, PharmD, 03.31.2016

When I first switched to eating a healthier, plant-based diet I continued to eat fish. I believed I was doing my body good by doing this. After all, fish are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory effects...

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Jess Parsons, 11.30.2015

Shocking footage, as published on TV. And further unaired footage, from Farmwatch. Of course, it's only shocking if you haven't been paying attention. For decades, investigative psychic geniuses, I mean, animal activists like those at Farmwatch always manage to find the...

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Walter Jacobson, M.D., 08.16.2015

Make a commitment to truth, compassion, calm, acceptance and forgiveness. Put these into practice as best you can every day, unconditionally and without exceptions. If you do this consistently: happiness, health, relationships and material success will all improve. SCROLL DOWN TO SEE...

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Chef AJ, 07.16.2015

Dear Vegsource Friends, I am running an Indie Go Go campaign to raise funds to shoot 7 more episodes of Healthy Living with Chef AJ which airs on Foody TV. You can see the campaign and the various perks, such as...

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J Morris Hicks, 06.01.2015

Our Food Choices in the 21st Century Life began on our planet about four billion years ago. The human species emerged just 200,000 years ago. If you crammed those four billion years of history into one year, we've been here for just...

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Ellen Sheen, 02.06.2015

After all these years, I'm still a girl who would rather make it herself than buy it. First, it's cheaper! And second, you know exactly what is in it. So when my oldest kiddo was sick and requested noodle soup, I took...

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Christie Mitchell Beck MD OB-GYN, 02.01.2015

It's been less than a month, but Kickstart Your Health Little Rock has already made huge strides in helping our city get healthy and feel good! Now, it's still not too late to sign up for the free and fun 21-day healthy...

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Pam Popper PhD, 04.07.2014

The Diet and Lifestyle Intervention Course begins Weds June 4! Instructors include Dr. Neal Barnard, Dr. Caldwell Essestyn, Dr. John McDougall, Dr. Ralph Moss, Dr. Pam Popper, and many others. Topics include intense study of plant-based nutrition and disease treatment, with specific...

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Sarah Taylor, 02.06.2014

I know many people made a New Years Resolution to go vegan. And I also know that, around this time of year, many resolutions are broken. So, I wanted to write to those of you who may be struggling, and offer up...

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Dr. Will Tuttle, 12.24.2013

I am the Vegan Activist I am the vegan activist, My heart filled with the wish to relieve the hideous suffering Mysteriously inflicted on animals seen as food. Rising early, sitting in silence every day, listening within, opening... dilating.... I am...

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Vegparadise Blog, 10.07.2013

In this era where so many kids and families struggle with obesity, it is unconscionable for a library to offer any kind of food as a reading incentive and act as an advertising agent for a food company. It is also unconscionable...

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