CLEVELAND -- The Cleveland Clinics partnership with IBM to use quantum computing for medical research brings to mind the most unfortunate instance of bad timing in the history of Cleveland: the 1967 merger of Case Institute of Technology with Western Reserve University just when the computer age was coming to life.

The merger squelched Cases opportunity to be among the leaders in the most revolutionary technology ever (and to benefit Cleveland with computer-related jobs). Might the arrival of quantum computing mean fresh opportunity?

At the time of the merger, Cases Department of Computer Engineering and Science had a good chance to be at the forefront. But capitalizing on that required support from senior administrators of the new Case Western Reserve University administrators who could not be focused on technology to the degree that Case, on its own, had been. In the new world of CWRU, technology was one of many fields.

A vision for the merged institutions prepared by a prominent commission gave only a brief mention of computing either as a current or potential strength of the new institution or as a challenge or opportunity to be addressed, according to Richard E. Baznik in Beyond the Fence: A Social History of Case Western Reserve University. The goose with golden innards wasnt even recognized, let alone encouraged to lay eggs.

Further, the merger created the worst possible institutional environment for computer advocates. Not only did administrators have to contend with issues of who might lose their job because of consolidation and who would have which power (particularly over budget), they also had to manage the challenge that all universities were facing as the post-World War II surge in enrollment and federal funding was ebbing.

Inescapably, the units that formed CWRU were locked in competition for shrinking resources, if not survival. And in that mix, dominated by heavyweights such as the School of Medicine and the main sciences, computers was a flyweight.

All of that was topped off by intense feelings among Case people of being severely violated by the Institutes loss of independence, which feelings were heightened by the substantial upgrading that had occurred under the longtime leadership of former Case president T. Keith Glennan (president from 1947 to 1966).

Thomas Bier is an associate of the university at Cleveland State University.

The combination of those potent forces upset CWRU institutional stability, which was not fully reestablished until the presidency of Barbara Snyder 40 years later.

Although in 1971, CWRUs computer engineering program would be the first of its type to be accredited in the nation, momentum sagged and the opportunity to be among the vanguard was lost. Today, the universitys programs in computer engineering and science are well-regarded but not top-tier.

But the arrival of quantum computing poses the challenge to identify new opportunity and exploit it.

Quantum computing, as IBM puts it, is tomorrows computing today. Its enormous processing power enables multiple computations to be performed simultaneously with unprecedented speed. And the Clinics installation will be first private-sector, on-premises system in the United States.

Clinic CEO and President Dr. Tomislav Mihaljevic said, These new computing technologies can help revolutionize discovery in the life sciences and help transform medicine, while training the workforce of the future and potentially growing our economy.

In terms of jobs, the economy of Northeast Ohio has been tepid for decades, reflecting, in part, its scant role in computer innovation. While our job growth has been nil, computer hot spots such as Seattle and Austin have been gaining an average of 25,000 jobs annually.

Cleveland cannot become a Seattle or an Austin. Various factors dictate that. But, hopefully, the arrival of quantum computing a short distance down Euclid Avenue from CWRU will trigger creative, promising initiatives. Maybe, as young technologists and researchers become involved in the Clinic-IBM venture, an innovative entrepreneur will emerge and lead the growth of a whole new industry. Maybe, the timing couldnt be better.

Quantum computing bring, it, on!

Thomas Bier is an associate of the university at Cleveland State University where, until he retired in 2003, he was director of the Housing Policy Research Program in the Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs. Bier received both his masters in science degree, in 1963, and Ph.D., in 1968, from from Case/CWRU. Both degrees are in organizational behavior.

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Quantum computings imminent arrival in Cleveland could be a back-to-the-future moment: Thomas Bier - cleveland.com

Global quantum computing market is projected to register a healthy CAGR of 29.5% in the forecast period of 2021 to 2027.

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Global quantum computing market is projected to register a healthy CAGR of 29.5% in the forecast period of 2021 to 2027.

Quantum computing is an advanced developing computer technology which is based on the quantum mechanics and quantum theory. The quantum computer has been used for the quantum computing which follows the concepts of quantum physics. The quantum computing is different from the classical computing in terms of speed, bits and the data. The classical computing uses two bits only named as 0 and 1, whereas the quantum computing uses all the states in between the 0 and 1, which helps in better results and high speed. Quantum computing has been used mostly in the research for comparing the numerous solutions and to find an optimum solution for a complex problem and it has been used in the sectors like chemicals, utilities, defence, healthcare & pharmaceuticals and various other sectors.

Quantum computing is used for the applications like cryptography, machine learning, algorithms, quantum simulation, quantum parallelism and others on the basis of the technologies of qubits like super conducting qubits, trapped ion qubits and semiconductor qubits. Since the technology is still in its growing phase, there are many research operations conducted by various organizations and universities including study on quantum computing for providing advanced and modified solutions for different applications.

For instance, Mercedes Benz has been conducting research over the quantum computing and how it can be used for discovering the new battery materials for advanced batteries which can be used in electric cars. Mercedes Benz has been working in collaboration with the IBM on IBM Q network program, which allows the companies in accessing the IBMs Q network and early stage computing systems over the cloud.

Some of the major players operating in thisQuantum Computing MarketareHoneywell International, Inc., Accenture, Fujitsu, Rigetti & Co, Inc., 1QB Information Technologies, Inc., IonQ, Atom Computing, ID Quantique, QuintessenceLabs, Toshiba Research Europe Ltd, Google,Inc., Microsoft Corporation, Xanadu, Magiq Technologies, Inc., QX branch, NEC Corporation, Anyon System,Inc. Cambridge Quantum Computing Limited, QC Ware Corp, Intel Corporation and others.

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Major Points Covered In This Report:

Chapter 1. Report Overview

Chapter 2. Global Growth Trends

Chapter 3. Market Share by Key Players

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Chapter 7. Opportunity Analysis in Covid-19 Crisis

Chapter 9. Market Driving Force

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Quantum Computing Market 2021-Industry Demands, Size & Share, Covid-19 Impact Analysis, Recent Developments, Global Growth, Trends, Top Operating...

In their study reported in Nature, Ni and her team set out to identify all the possible energy state outcomes, from start to finish, of a reaction between two potassium and rubidium moleculesa more complex reaction than had been studied in the quantum realm. Thats no easy feat: At its most fundamental level, a reaction between four molecules has a massive number of dimensions (the electrons spinning around each atom, for example, could be in an almost-infinite number of locations simultaneously). That very high dimensionality makes calculating all the possible reaction trajectories impossible with current technology.

Calculating exactly how energy redistributes during a reaction between four atoms is beyond the power of todays best computers, Ni said. A quantum computer might be the only tool that could one day achieve such a complex calculation.

In the meantime, calculating the impossible requires a few well-reasoned assumptions and approximations (picking one location for one of those electrons, for example) and specialized techniques that grant Ni and her team ultimate control over their reaction.

One such technique was another recent Ni lab discovery: She and her team exploited a reliable feature of molecules their highly stable nuclear spin to control the quantum state of the reacting molecules all the way through to the product, work they chronicled in a recent study published in Nature Chemistry. They also discovered a way to detect products from a single collision reaction event, a difficult feat when 10,000 molecules could be reacting simultaneously. With these two novel methods, the team could identify the unique spectrum and quantum state of each product molecule, the kind of precise control necessary to measure all 57 pathways their potassium rubidium reaction could take.

Over several months during the COVID-19 pandemic, the team ran experiments to collect data on each of those 57 possible reaction channels, repeating each channel once every minute for several days before moving on to the next. Luckily, once the experiment was set up, it could be run remotely: Lab members could stay home, keeping the lab re-occupancy at COVID-19 standards, while the system churned on.

The test, said Matthew Nichols, a postdoctoral scholar in the Ni lab and an author on both papers, indicates good agreement between the measurement and the model for a subset containing 50 state-pairs but reveals significant deviations in several state-pairs.

In other words, their experimental data confirmed that previous predictions based on statistical theory (one far less complex than Schrdingers equation) are accurate mostly. Using their data, the team could measure the probability that their chemical reaction would take each of the 57 reaction channels. Then, they compared their percentages with the statistical model. Only seven of the 57 showed a significant enough divergence to challenge the theory.

We have data that pushes this frontier, Ni said. To explain the seven deviating channels, we need to calculate Schrdingers equation, which is still impossible. So now, the theory has to catch up and propose new ways to efficiently perform such exact quantum calculations.

Next, Ni and her team plan to scale back their experiment and analyze a reaction between only three atoms (one molecule is made of two atoms, which is then forced to react with a single atom). In theory, this reaction, which has far fewer dimensions than a four-atom reaction, should be easier to calculate and study in the quantum realm. Yet, already, the team has discovered something strange: The intermediate phase of the reaction lives on for many orders of magnitude longer than the theory predicts.

There is already mystery, Ni said. Its up to the theorists now.

This work was supported by the Department of Energy, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Arnold O. Beckman Postdoctoral Fellowship in Chemical Sciences, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Excerpt from:

Researchers design new experiments to map and test the quantum realm - Harvard Gazette

The Twente-based company Quix is supplying the processor with which France intends to take the next step in the development of quantum technology. Recently, President Macron presented the French national quantum technology program, which shows that the country is firmly committed to photonics. Quix is the global leader in quantum photonic processors. The French quantum computer is being built by Quandela, the leading quantum technology company in France.

Last year, we demonstrated the largest photonic processor in the world, says Jelmer Renema, CTO at QuiX. The main difference with ours is its a turnkey product not as something that looks like what might come out of a university collaboration.

Most photonics (such as microchips) can take years to develop into a processor. What QuiX have created is a plug-and-play quantum processor for quantum computing companies to build around. They sold another processor last month to Quontrol, a British quantum technologies start-up. They are one of very few companies to have sold such a product and theyve done so two months in a row.

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Quantum computing is predicted to perform computations for probability far faster than classic supercomputers. They have special application in fields that rely on equations for predictive outcomes. Complex financial models, machine learning algorithms, or running multiple chemistry tests could all be revolutionized by quantum computers.

The Netherlands has led the charge in quantum computing in Europe for some time. It recently invested 615 million euros into the quantum sector. However, it is being developed throughout Europe. Quantum technologies are changing rapidly and more countries that jump onboard mean they will continue to improve.

If you look back at the 30s and 40s building a single computer was a national effort, says Renema. Now, the technology is getting to the point where the first few systems are out there that can outperform a classical computer.

Read about how quantum computers can solve traffic jams.

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France takes next step in quantum technology with Dutch processor - Innovation Origins

DUBLIN, May 18, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Quantum Technology Market by Computing, Communications, Imaging, Security, Sensing, Modeling and Simulation 2021 - 2026" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the quantum technology market. It assesses companies/organizations focused on quantum technology including R&D efforts and potential gaming-changing quantum tech-enabled solutions. The report evaluates the impact of quantum technology upon other major technologies and solution areas including AI, Edge Computing, Blockchain, IoT, and Big Data Analytics. The report provides an analysis of quantum technology investment, R&D, and prototyping by region and within each major country globally.

The report also provides global and regional forecasts as well as the outlook for quantum technology's impact on embedded hardware, software, applications, and services from 2021 to 2026. The report provides conclusions and recommendations for a wide range of industries and commercial beneficiaries including semiconductor companies, communications providers, high-speed computing companies, artificial intelligence vendors, and more.

Select Report Findings:

Much more than only computing, the quantum technology market provides a foundation for improving all digital communications, applications, content, and commerce. In the realm of communications, quantum technology will influence everything from encryption to the way that signals are passed from point A to point B. While currently in the R&D phase, networked quantum information and communications technology (ICT) is anticipated to become a commercial reality that will represent nothing less than a revolution for virtually every aspect of ICT.

However, there will be a need to integrate the ICT supply chain with quantum technologies in a manner that does not attempt to replace every aspect of classical computing but instead leverages a hybrid computational framework. Traditional High-Performance Computing (HPC) will continue to be used for many existing problems for the foreseeable future, while quantum technologies will be used for encrypting communications, signaling, and will be the underlying basis in the future for all commerce transactions. This does not mean that quantum encryption will replace Blockchain, but rather provide improved encryption for blockchain technology.

The quantum technology market will be a substantial enabler of dramatically improved sensing and instrumentation. For example, gravity sensors may be made significantly more precise through quantum sensing. Quantum electromagnetic sensing provides the ability to detect minute differences in the electromagnetic field. This will provide a wide-ranging number of applications, such as within the healthcare arena wherein quantum electromagnetic sensing will provide the ability to provide significantly improved mapping of vital organs. Quantum sensing will also have applications across a wide range of other industries such as transportation wherein there is the potential for substantially improved safety, especially for self-driving vehicles.

Commercial applications for the quantum imaging market are potentially wide-ranging including exploration, monitoring, and safety. For example, gas image processing may detect minute changes that could lead to early detection of tank failure or the presence of toxic chemicals. In concert with quantum sensing, quantum imaging may also help with various public safety-related applications such as search and rescue. Some problems are too difficult to calculate but can be simulated and modeled. Quantum simulations and modeling is an area that involves the use of quantum technology to enable simulators that can model complex systems that are beyond the capabilities of classical HPC. Even the fastest supercomputers today cannot adequately model many problems such as those found in atomic physics, condensed-matter physics, and high-energy physics.

Key Topics Covered:

1.0 Executive Summary

2.0 Introduction

3.0 Quantum Technology and Application Analysis 3.1 Quantum Computing 3.2 Quantum Cryptography Communication 3.3 Quantum Sensing and Imaging 3.4 Quantum Dots Particles 3.5 Quantum Cascade Laser 3.6 Quantum Magnetometer 3.7 Quantum Key Distribution 3.8 Quantum Cloud vs. Hybrid Platform 3.9 Quantum 5G Communication 3.10 Quantum 6G Impact 3.11 Quantum Artificial Intelligence 3.12 Quantum AI Technology 3.13 Quantum IoT Technology 3.14 Quantum Edge Network 3.15 Quantum Blockchain

4.0 Company Analysis 4.1 1QB Information Technologies Inc. 4.2 ABB (Keymile) 4.3 Adtech Optics Inc. 4.4 Airbus Group 4.5 Akela Laser Corporation 4.6 Alibaba Group Holding Limited 4.7 Alpes Lasers SA 4.8 Altairnano 4.9 Amgen Inc. 4.10 Anhui Qasky Science and Technology Limited Liability Company (Qasky) 4.11 Anyon Systems Inc. 4.12 AOSense Inc. 4.13 Apple Inc. (InVisage Technologies) 4.14 Biogen Inc. 4.15 Block Engineering 4.16 Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. 4.17 BT Group 4.18 Cambridge Quantum Computing Ltd. 4.19 Chinese Academy of Sciences 4.20 D-Wave Systems Inc. 4.21 Emerson Electric Corporation 4.22 Fujitsu Ltd. 4.23 Gem Systems 4.24 GeoMetrics Inc. 4.25 Google Inc. 4.26 GWR Instruments Inc. 4.27 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. 4.28 Hewlett Packard Enterprise 4.29 Honeywell International Inc. 4.30 HP Development Company L.P. 4.31 IBM Corporation 4.32 ID Quantique 4.33 Infineon Technologies 4.34 Intel Corporation 4.35 KETS Quantum Security 4.36 KPN 4.37 LG Display Co. Ltd. 4.38 Lockheed Martin Corporation 4.39 MagiQ Technologies Inc. 4.40 Marine Magnetics 4.41 McAfee LLC 4.42 MicroSemi Corporation 4.43 Microsoft Corporation 4.44 Mirsense 4.45 Mitsubishi Electric Corp. 4.46 M-Squared Lasers Limited 4.47 Muquans 4.48 Nanoco Group PLC 4.49 Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH 4.50 Nanosys Inc. 4.51 NEC Corporation 4.52 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation 4.53 NN-Labs LLC. 4.54 Nokia Corporation 4.55 Nucrypt 4.56 Ocean NanoTech LLC 4.57 Oki Electric 4.58 Oscilloquartz SA 4.59 OSRAM 4.60 PQ Solutions Limited (Post-Quantum) 4.61 Pranalytica Inc. 4.62 QC Ware Corp. 4.63 QD Laser Co. Inc. 4.64 QinetiQ 4.65 Quantum Circuits Inc. 4.66 Quantum Materials Corp. 4.67 Qubitekk 4.68 Quintessence Labs 4.69 QuSpin 4.70 QxBranch LLC 4.71 Raytheon Company 4.72 Rigetti Computing 4.73 Robert Bosch GmbH 4.74 Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. (QD Vision Inc.) 4.75 SeQureNet (Telecom ParisTech) 4.76 SK Telecom 4.77 ST Microelectronics 4.78 Texas Instruments 4.79 Thorlabs Inc 4.80 Toshiba Corporation 4.81 Tristan Technologies 4.82 Twinleaf 4.83 Universal Quantum Devices 4.84 Volkswagen AG 4.85 Wavelength Electronics Inc. 4.86 ZTE Corporation

5.0 Quantum Technology Market Analysis and Forecasts 2021 - 2026 5.1 Global Quantum Technology Market 2021 - 2026 5.2 Global Quantum Technology Market by Technology 2021 - 2026 5.3 Quantum Computing Market 2021 - 2026 5.4 Quantum Cryptography Communication Market 2021 - 2026 5.5 Quantum Sensing and Imaging Market 2021 - 2026 5.6 Quantum Dots Market 2021 - 2026 5.7 Quantum Cascade Laser Market 2021 - 2026 5.8 Quantum Magnetometer Market 2021 - 2026 5.9 Quantum Key Distribution Market 2021 - 2026 5.9.1 Global Quantum Key Distribution Market by Technology 5.9.1.1 Global Quantum Key Distribution Market by Infrastructure Type 5.9.2 Global Quantum Key Distribution Market by Industry Vertical 5.9.2.1 Global Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Market by Government 5.9.2.2 Global Quantum Key Distribution Market by Enterprise/Civilian Industry 5.10 Global Quantum Technology Market by Deployment 5.11 Global Quantum Technology Market by Sector 5.12 Global Quantum Technology Market by Connectivity 5.13 Global Quantum Technology Market by Revenue Source 5.14 Quantum Intelligence Market 2021 - 2026 5.15 Quantum IoT Technology Market 2021 - 2026 5.16 Global Quantum Edge Network Market 5.17 Global Quantum Blockchain Market 5.18 Global Quantum Exascale Computing Market 5.19 Regional Quantum Technology Market 2021 - 2026 5.19.1 Regional Comparison of Global Quantum Technology Market 5.19.2 Global Quantum Technology Market by Region 5.19.2.1 North America Quantum Technology Market by Country 5.19.2.2 Europe Quantum Technology Market by Country 5.19.2.3 Asia Pacific Quantum Technology Market by Country 5.19.2.4 Middle East and Africa Quantum Technology Market by Country 5.19.2.5 Latin America Quantum Technology Market by Country

6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/6syb13

Media Contact:

Research and Markets Laura Wood, Senior Manager [emailprotected]

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The Worldwide Quantum Technology Industry will Reach $31.57 Billion by 2026 - North America to be the Biggest Region - PRNewswire

Basking in warm sunshine and an atmosphere of optimism, the Terp community came together today at Maryland Stadium to honor the Class of 2021s achievements in the face of COVID-19s unprecedented challenges.

We really are Terrapin Strong, University of Maryland President Darryll J. Pines told the crowd at the 11 a.m. commencement ceremony. Seeing your faces in person is a sign. Its a sign that we are beginning to win this fight against this virus. Its a sign that your collective resilience and strength and grit is stronger than any challenge you will face.

The 8,500 members of the Spring 2021 graduating class are being honored today with two in-person, outdoor ceremonies at the stadium, divided by school and collegethe first open-air graduations in 66 years. Graduates could bring two guests, sat in distanced households of three for safety reasons and were sent off with an appearance from Testudo and a fireworks display. Spring 2020 and Winter 2020 graduates, who had only virtual ceremonies due to the pandemic, were invited to attend as well.

We were reminded that each day is precious and many of us vow to never again take for granted the everyday parts of life, Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan said in a recorded message. I hope that as you graduate today, you remember that each of us can make the days ahead count that much more.

Hannah Rhee 21, the student speaker and computer science major, said the pandemic and recent social justice challenges facing the entire nation are reminders that asking for help and relying on friends and family are proof of strength, not weakness.

Through these relationships I learned about the world, made lasting friendships and developed my character, she said. I believe we are emerging as fearless Terps, more thoughtful and more kind because of our experiences.

The main, recorded address was delivered by Peter Chapman, president and CEO of IonQ, a leading quantum computing company spun off from UMD research and headquartered in the nearby Discovery District. The son of a NASA scientist-astronaut and formerly director of engineering for Amazon Prime, Chapman urged graduates to meet the future with optimism and look to the promise of technology in answering challenges ranging from disease to climate change.

I know that for some of you, this day is bittersweet, he said. But for all that youve lost, for all that we have all lost, youve gained a lot, too: memories and friendships, new strengths and new skills. And today, a degree from the University of Maryland.

More than 8,500 students were granted degrees at the Spring 2021 ceremonies at Maryland Stadium. Graduates from Spring and Winter 2020 were also invited to celebrate in-person after having virtual ceremonies due to COVID-19. Photo by Stephanie S. Cordle

UMD President Darryll J. Pines praised graduates for their resiliency over the past year as the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated changes inside and out of the classroom. Photo by John T. Consoli

Senior marshal Alyssa Conway represented the College of Education at Fridays ceremonies. Senior marshals are chosen for academic excellence, service, extracurriculars and personal growth to assist at commencement. Photo by Stephanie S. Cordle

Peter Chapman, president and CEO of quantum computing company IonQ, delivered the main commencement address via recording. He urged graduates to be optimistic about the future and the promise that technology holds for issues ranging from disease to climate change. Photo by John T. Consoli

Graduates were able to invite two guests to join them at morning and afternoon commencement ceremonies in Maryland Stadium separated by school and college. The socially distanced events marked the first in-person graduation festivities since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spring 2020. Photo by Stephanie S. Cordle

Student speaker Hannah Rhee, a computer science major, emphasized the importance of relationships to support students studying through the twin pandemics of COVID-19 and social unrest brought on by racism and inequality. Photo by Stephanie S. Cordle

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Maryland Today | 'We Really Are Terrapin Strong' - Maryland Today

Researchers have used a technique similar to MRI to follow the movement of individual atoms in real time as they cluster together to form two-dimensional materials, which are a single atomic layer thick.

The results, reported in the journalPhysical Review Letters, could be used to design new types of materials and quantum technology devices. The researchers, from the University of Cambridge, captured the movement of the atoms at speeds that are eight orders of magnitude too fast for conventional microscopes.

Two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, have the potential to improve the performance of existing and new devices, due to their unique properties, such as outstanding conductivity and strength. Two-dimensional materials have a wide range of potential applications, from bio-sensing and drug delivery to quantum information and quantum computing. However, in order for two-dimensional materials to reach their full potential, their properties need to be fine-tuned through a controlled growth process.

This technique isnt a new one, but its never been used in this way, to measure the growth of a two-dimensional material. Nadav Avidor

These materials normally form as atoms jump onto a supporting substrate until they attach to a growing cluster. Being able to monitor this process gives scientists much greater control over the finished materials. However, for most materials, this process happens so quickly and at such high temperatures that it can only be followed using snapshots of a frozen surface, capturing a single moment rather than the whole process.

Now, researchers from the University of Cambridge have followed the entire process in real time, at comparable temperatures to those used in industry.

The researchers used a technique known as helium spin-echo, which has been developed in Cambridge over the last 15 years. The technique has similarities to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but uses a beam of helium atoms to illuminate a target surface, similar to light sources in everyday microscopes.

Using this technique, we can do MRI-like experiments on the fly as the atoms scatter, said Dr Nadav Avidor from Cambridges Cavendish Laboratory, the papers senior author. If you think of a light source that shines photons on a sample, as those photons come back to your eye, you can see what happens in the sample.

Instead of photons however, Avidor and his colleagues use helium atoms to observe what happens on the surface of the sample. The interaction of the helium with atoms at the surface allows the motion of the surface species to be inferred.

Using a test sample of oxygen atoms moving on the surface of ruthenium metal, the researchers recorded the spontaneous breaking and formation of oxygen clusters, just a few atoms in size, and the atoms that quickly diffuse between the clusters.

This technique isnt a new one, but its never been used in this way, to measure the growth of a two-dimensional material, said Avidor. If you look back on the history of spectroscopy, light-based probes revolutionized how we see the world, and the next step electron-based probes allowed us to see even more.

Were now going another step beyond that, to atom-based probes, allowing us to observe more atomic scale phenomena. Besides its usefulness in the design and manufacture of future materials and devices, Im excited to find out what else well be able to see.

Reference: Ultrafast Diffusion at the Onset of Growth: O/Ru(0001) by Jack Kelsall, Peter S.M. Townsend, John Ellis, Andrew P. Jardine and Nadav Avidor, 12 April 2021, Physical Review Letters. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.155901

The research was conducted in the Cambridge Atom Scattering Centre and supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).

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Following Atoms in Real Time Could Lead to New Types of Materials and Quantum Technology Devices - SciTechDaily

May 20, 2021 The International Advanced Research Workshop on HPC HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING State of the Art, Emerging Disruptive Innovations and Future Scenarios which had to be cancelled last year due to the coronavirus pandemic, will now return to Cetraro, Italy, July 26-30, 2021. Its focus is on state of the art, emerging disruptive innovations, and future scenarios in high performance computing and related topics.

The main aim of this workshop said Prof. Lucio Grandinetti, chairman of the Research Workshop, is to present and debate advanced topics, open questions, current and future developments, and challenging applications related to advanced high-performance distributed computing and data systems, encompassing implementations ranging from traditional clusters to warehouse-scale data centers, and with architectures including hybrid, multicore, distributed, cloud models, and systems targeted for AI applications.

Over fifty invited papers will be presented at the workshop. Keynote overview talks will be given together with research and industry presentations. Ten sessions will be planned together with two panel discussions. The program will include several sessions on Artificial Intelligence, Clouds, Big Data, Quantum Computing, Machine Learning and Exascale Computing, all of which will play an important role in the workshop program. Invited speakers from at least two dozen countries, and from different sectors, public and private, will debate the most critical issues related to their development strategies for Research and Enterprise.

Preliminary program, early registration (no conference fee!), and more details are available here: http://www.hpcc.unical.it/hpc2021/announcement.htm.

Source: Cetraro Workshop organizers

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International Advanced Research Workshop on HPC Returns to Cetraro July 2021 - HPCwire

In May 1981, at a conference center housed in a chateau-style mansion outside Boston, a few dozen physicists and computer scientists gathered for a three-day meeting. The assembled brainpower was formidable: One attendee, Caltechs Richard Feynman, was already a Nobel laureate and would earn a widespread reputation for genius when his 1985 memoir Surely Youre Joking, Mr. Feynman!: Adventures of a Curious Character became a bestseller. Numerous others, such as Paul Benioff, Arthur Burks, Freeman Dyson, Edward Fredkin, Rolf Landauer, John Wheeler, and Konrad Zuse, were among the most accomplished figures in their respective research areas.

The conference they were attending, The Physics of Computation, was held from May 6 to 8 and cohosted by IBM and MITs Laboratory for Computer Science. It would come to be regarded as a seminal moment in the history of quantum computingnot that anyone present grasped that as it was happening.

Its hard to put yourself back in time, says Charlie Bennett, a distinguished physicist and information theorist who was part of the IBM Research contingent at the event. If youd said quantum computing, nobody would have understood what you were talking about.

Why was the conference so significant? According to numerous latter-day accounts, Feynman electrified the gathering by calling for the creation of a quantum computer. But I dont think he quite put it that way, contends Bennett, who took Feynmans comments less as a call to action than a provocative observation. He just said the world is quantum, Bennett remembers. So if you really wanted to build a computer to simulate physics, that should probably be a quantum computer.

For a guide to whos who in this 1981 Physics of Computation photo, click here. [Photo: courtesy of Charlie Bennett, who isnt in itbecause he took it]Even if Feynman wasnt trying to kick off a moonshot-style effort to build a quantum computer, his talkand The Physics of Computation conference in generalproved influential in focusing research resources. Quantum computing was nobodys day job before this conference, says Bennett. And then some people began considering it important enough to work on.

It turned out to be such a rewarding area for study that Bennett is still working on it in 2021and hes still at IBM Research, where hes been, aside from the occasional academic sabbatical, since 1972. His contributions have been so significant that hes not only won numerous awards but also had one named after him. (On Thursday, he was among the participants in an online conference on quantum computings past, present, and future that IBM held to mark the 40th anniversary of the original meeting.)

Charlie Bennett [Photo: courtesy of IBM]These days, Bennett has plenty of company. In recent years, quantum computing has become one of IBMs biggest bets, as it strives to get the technology to the point where its capable of performing useful work at scale, particularly for the large organizations that have long been IBMs core customer base. Quantum computing is also a major area of research focus at other tech giants such as Google, Microsoft, Intel, and Honeywell, as well as a bevy of startups.

According to IBM senior VP and director of research Dario Gil, the 1981 Physics of Computation conference played an epoch-shifting role in getting the computing community excited about quantum physicss possible benefits. Before then, in the context of computing, it was seen as a source of noiselike a bothersome problem that when dealing with tiny devices, they became less reliable than larger devices, he says. People understood that this was driven by quantum effects, but it was a bug, not a feature.

Making progress in quantum computing has continued to require setting aside much of what we know about computers in their classical form. From early room-sized mainframe monsters to the smartphone in your pocket, computing has always boiled down to performing math with bits set either to one or zero. But instead of depending on bits, quantum computers leverage quantum mechanics through a basic building block called a quantum bit, or qubit. It can represent a one, a zero, orin a radical departure from classical computingboth at once.

Dario Gil [Photo: courtesy of IBM]Qubits give quantum computers the potential to rapidly perform calculations that might be impossibly slow on even the fastest classical computers. That could have transformative benefits for applications ranging from drug discovery to cryptography to financial modeling. But it requires mastering an array of new challenges, including cooling superconducting qubits to a temperature only slightly above abolute zero, or -459.67 Farenheit.

Four decades after the 1981 conference, quantum computing remains a research project in progress, albeit one thats lately come tantalizingly close to fruition. Bennett says that timetable isnt surprising or disappointing. For a truly transformative idea, 40 years just isnt that much time: Charles Babbage began working on his Analytical Engine in the 1830s, more than a century before technological progress reached the point where early computers such as IBMs own Automated Sequence Controlled Calculator could implement his concepts in a workable fashion. And even those machines came nowhere near fulfilling the vision scientists had already developed for computing, including some things that [computers] failed at miserably for decades, like language translation, says Bennett.

I think was the first time ever somebody said the phrase quantum information theory.

In 1970, as a Harvard PhD candidate, Bennett was brainstorming with fellow physics researcher Stephen Wiesner, a friend from his undergraduate days at Brandeis. Wiesner speculated that quantum physics would make it possible to send, through a channel with a nominal capacity of one bit, two bits of information; subject however to the constraint that whichever bit the receiver choose to read, the other bit is destroyed, as Bennett jotted in notes whichfortunately for computing historyhe preserved.

Charlie Bennetts 1970 notes on Stephen Wiesners musings about quantum physics and computing (click to expand). [Photo: courtesy of Charlie Bennett]I think was the first time ever somebody said the phrase quantum information theory,' says Bennett. The idea that you could do things of not just a physics nature, but an information processing nature with quantum effects that you couldnt do with ordinary data processing.

Like many technological advances of historic proportionsAI is another examplequantum computing didnt progress from idea to reality in an altogether predictable and efficient way. It took 11 years from Wiesners observation until enough people took the topic seriously enough to inspire the Physics of Computation conference. Bennett and the University of Montreals Gilles Brassard published important research on quantum cryptography in 1984; in the 1990s, scientists realized that quantum computers had the potential to be exponentially faster than their classical forebears.

All along, IBM had small teams investigating the technology. According to Gil, however, it wasnt until around 2010 that the company had made enough progress that it began to see quantum computing not just as an intriguing research area but as a powerful business opportunity. What weve seen since then is this dramatic progress over the last decade, in terms of scale, effort, and investment, he says.

IBMs superconducting qubits need to be kept chilled in a super fridge. [Photo: courtesy of IBM]As IBM made that progress, it shared it publicly so that interested parties could begin to get their heads around quantum computing at the earliest opportunity. Starting in May 2016, for instance, the company made quantum computing available as a cloud service, allowing outsiders to tinker with the technology in a very early form.

It is really important that when you put something out, you have a path to deliver.

One of the things that road maps provide is clarity, he says, allowing that road maps without execution are hallucinations, so it is really important that when you put something out, you have a path to deliver.

Scaling up quantum computing into a form that can trounce classical computers at ambitious jobs requires increasing the number of reliable qubits that a quantum computer has to work with. When IBM published its quantum hardware road map last September, it had recently deployed the 65-qubit IBM Quantum Hummingbird processor, a considerable advance on its previous 5- and 27-qubit predecessors. This year, the company plans to complete the 127-qubit IBM Quantum Eagle. And by 2023, it expects to have a 1,000-qubit machine, the IBM Quantum Condor. Its this machine, IBM believes, that may have the muscle to achieve quantum advantage by solving certain real-world problems faster the worlds best supercomputers.

Essential though it is to crank up the supply of qubits, the software side of quantum computings future is also under construction, and IBM published a separate road map devoted to the topic in February. Gil says that the company is striving to create a frictionless environment in which coders dont have to understand how quantum computing works any more than they currently think about a classical computers transistors. An IBM software layer will handle the intricacies (and meld quantum resources with classical ones, which will remain indispensable for many tasks).

You dont need to know quantum mechanics, you dont need to know a special programming language, and youre not going to need to know how to do these gate operations and all that stuff, he explains. Youre just going to program with your favorite language, say, Python. And behind the scenes, there will be the equivalent of libraries that call on these quantum circuits, and then they get delivered to you on demand.

IBM is still working on making quantum computing ready for everyday reality, but its already worked with designers to make it look good. [Photo: courtesy of IBM]In this vision, we think that at the end of this decade, there may be as many as a trillion quantum circuits that are running behind the scene, making software run better, Gil says.

Even if IBM clearly understands the road ahead, theres plenty left to do. Charlie Bennett says that quantum researchers will overcome remaining challenges in much the same way that he and others confronted past ones. Its hard to look very far ahead, but the right approach is to maintain a high level of expertise and keep chipping away at the little problems that are causing a thing not to work as well as it could, he says. And then when you solve that one, there will be another one, which you wont be able to understand until you solve the first one.

As for Bennetts own current work, he says hes particularly interested in the intersection betweeninformation theory and cosmologynot so much because I think I can learn enough about it to make an original research contribution, but just because its so much fun to do. Hes also been making explainer videos about quantum computing, a topic whose reputation for being weird and mysterious he blames on inadequate explanation by others.

Unfortunately, the majority of science journalists dont understand it, he laments. And they say confusing things about itpainfully, for me, confusing things.

For IBM Research, Bennett is both a living link to its past and an inspiration for its future. Hes had such a massive impact on the people we have here, so many of our top talent, says Gil. In my view, weve accrued the most talented group of people in the world, in terms of doing quantum computing. So many of them trace it back to the influence of Charlie. Impressive though Bennetts 49-year tenure at the company is, the fact that hes seen and made so much quantum computing historyincluding attending the 1981 conferenceand is here to talk about it is a reminder of how young the field still is.

Harry McCracken is the technology editor for Fast Company, based in San Francisco. In past lives, he was editor at large for Time magazine, founder and editor of Technologizer, and editor of PC World.

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IBM and MIT kickstarted the age of quantum computing in 1981 - Fast Company

By Sherif Awad

In 1980, American physicist Paul Benioff, set the first milestone for developing a new kind of computer (quantum computer), that far more powerful than our normal computers. He demonstrated the theoretical possibility of quantum computers.

Quantum computers are based on quantum mechanics, and they can perform computations much faster than normal computers. They can solve complex problems that the fastest super computer cannot solve. A quantum computer can solve a problem that takes one week on a normal computer in one second, or in some other scenarios, a real quantum computer solved a problem that would take the worlds fastest computer 10,000 years in 200 seconds. Quantum computers can be used to solve the most complex problems from finance, security, to cancer research. Scientists expect to have real use of quantum computers by end of next year, full applications by 2026, and commercial use by 2030. To reach commercial scale quantum computers, it is going to require revolutionary discoveries in physics, material science, computer science, and mathematics.

The communication on the internet is protected by cryptography. Cryptography protects our information, as it travels over and is stored on the internet. Quantum computers are so powerful, they can break into the worlds most complex cryptography in seconds, and that poses a threat to the world. It can break into governments, enterprises, or global organization systems. IT organizations around the world are working on creating new cryptography methods that cannot be broken by quantum computers. The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), is working on standardizing cryptography algorithms that cannot be broken by quantum computers.

Quantum computers exist today, but they are not as powerful as we need them to be in order to solve the most complex problems that we have today. Quantum computers speed can be measured in qubits, which is the basic unit of quantum information like bits in normal computers. IT giants are battling for quantum supremacy such as IBM, Google, Microsoft etc. Google claimed quantum supremacy in 2019 by building a quantum computer with 53 qubits. A team of Chinese scientists in 2020 have developed the most powerful super computer that is able to perform a single task 100 trillion times faster than the worlds fastest super computer. China has invested $10 billion on the countrys National Laboratory for Quantum Information Sciences. That does not mean they reached quantum supremacy, as their computer is specialized in doing a single task really fast, unlike the Google general quantum computer.

Any security that we have today will be useless by 2030. That means that the IT systems that we rely on today such as electricity, networks, hospitals and supply chains, could be down in seconds. Governments, enterprises and global organizations need to change their security systems to be post-quantum proof, which means they will invest heavily in new security agile systems that can adapt to new security protocols as they arise.

Congress passed the National Quantum Initiative Act which requires presidents to be advised about the developments in the field, and the World Economic Forum has advised that we need to build quantum literacy program in governments.

Imagine that some encrypted secure data got stolen from you today. In a few years, quantum computers will be able to decrypt the data that was stolen. If your data becomes irrelevant in five years, then you shouldnt care about it being decrypted in five years. But, if it is government data, then defiantly you need to start thinking about quantum security today.

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