Personality development is defined as the relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individuals from one another.[1] The dominant view in the field of personality psychology today holds that personality emerges early and continues to change in meaningful ways throughout the lifespan.[2] Evidence from large-scale, long-term studies has supported this perspective.

Adult personality traits are believed to have a basis in infant temperament, meaning that individual differences in disposition and behavior appear early in life, possibly even before language or conscious self-representation develop.[3]The Five Factor Model of personality has been found to map onto dimensions of childhood temperament,[4] suggesting that individual differences in levels of the big five personality traits (neurotic-ism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) are present from young ages.[5]

An evolutionary perspective has been proposed to explain why humans have personality and individuality. This perspective traces personality and individuality back to when the early humans were learning how to function in complex social groups. Many specialists from different fields have a general agreement that early humans saw themselves as a part of the group to which they belonged, rather than seeing themselves as individuals with independent personalities. In terms of personality at this time, the whole group was identical.[6]

A member of the group associated themselves as one with the tribe and therefore the responsibility rested in the group and not the individual. Kropotkin explained the importance of this by stating that because the primitive man identified his existence with the existence of his tribe it has allowed for mankind to reach the remarkable level present today. A small step of differentiation that later led to personality and individuality was the division of labor. This differentiation was necessary in order for the group to function in a much more efficient way. This differentiation became adaptive since it increased the groups functionality. These early humans then continued to develop personality and individuality, which stemmed from their group and the social interactions they encountered. Individual life, and thus individuality and personality essentially arose from collective life.[6]

In order to explain some of the variations in human personality and individuality it's possible to look at the evolutionary process of natural selection. Evolution introduced variations of the human mind, natural selection acted on these by choosing which were the most beneficial and which led to a greater fitness. Since humans are so complex, many opposing personality traits proved to be beneficial in different ways. An example of this is that in some situations a more aggressive personality could be beneficial, yet a more submissive personality could be beneficial in another situation. Another type of selection helps to take on the evolutionary aspect of human personality and individuality. This type of selection is referred to as emotional selection. It considers emotions as the core emergence of humans in the world. The emotions of humans are what have led to the evolution of human personality and individuality. The ability to adapt to all conditions of life is usually called, intelligence, but is founded in the complexity and flexibility of the emotional system. The concept of emotional representation as a way of selectively modeling the environment is the key idea underlying our understanding of human individuality. [7]

Classic theories of personality, such as Freuds tripartite theory, and post-Freudian theory, including developmental stage theories and type theories, have often held the perspective that most personality development occurs in childhood, and that personality is stable by the end of adolescence. As recently as the 1990s, modern personality theorists concurred with William James 1890 assertion that, by age 30, personality is set like plaster.[8] Currently, lifespan perspectives that integrate theory and empirical findings dominate the research literature. The lifespan perspective of personality is based on the plasticity principle, that personality traits are open systems that can be influenced by the environment at any age.[2] This interactional model of development emphasizes the relationships between an individual and her environment, and suggests that there is a dialectic between continuity and change throughout the lifespan.[9][10] Large-scale longitudinal studies have demonstrated that the most active period of personality development appears to be between the ages of 20-40.[2] Personality grows increasingly consistent with age and plateaus sometime around age 50, but never reaches a period of total stability.[11] Although change is less likely later in life, individuals retain the potential for change from infancy to old age.[12]

Personality traits demonstrate moderate levels of continuity, smaller but still significant normative or mean-level changes, and individual differences in change, often late into the life course.[13] This pattern is influenced by genetic, environmental, transactional, and stochastic factors.[14]

Twin and adoption studies have demonstrated that the heritability of personality traits ranges from .3-.6, with a mean of .5.[15] Heritability of .5 means that 50% of variation in observable personality traits is attributable to genetic influences. But a given genotype will lead to a certain phenotype only under the right environmental circumstances.[16] In other words, the heritability of a trait may change depending on an individuals environment and/or life events. An example of the way environment can moderate the expression of a gene is the finding by Heath, Eaves, and Martin (1998)[17] that marriage was a protective factor against depression in genetically identical twins, such that the heritability of depression was as low as 29% in a married twin and as high as 51% in an unmarried twin. Ultimately, emerging evidence suggests that genetic and environmental influences on personality differ depending on other circumstances in a persons life.[16]

With the effects of genetic similarity removed, children from the same family often appear no more alike than randomly selected strangers;[18] yet identical twins raised apart are nearly as similar in personality as identical twins raised together.[15] What these findings suggest is that shared family environment has virtually no effect on personality development, and that similarity between relatives is almost entirely due to shared genetics. Although the shared environment (including features like the personality, parenting styles, and beliefs of parents; socioeconomic status; neighborhood; nutrition; schools attended; number of books in the home; etc.) may have a lasting impact at the extremes of parenting practice, such as outright abuse, most personality researchers have concluded that the majority of average expectable environments[15] do not have an effect on personality development.

The weakness of shared environmental effects in shaping personality came as a surprise to many psychologists, and spurred research into nonshared environment, or the environmental influences that make siblings different from one another instead of similar.[19] Non shared environmental effects encompass the variability in behavioral outcomes that is not explained by genetic and family environmental influences. The non shared environment may include differential treatment by parents, individually distinct reactions to the shared family environment, peer influences, and experiences that occur outside the family, as well as test error in measurement.[20] In adults, nonshared environment also encompasses the unique roles and environments experienced after leaving the family of origin. Further effects of environment in adulthood are demonstrated by findings that different work, marital, and family experiences are associated with personality change,[21] and by the impact of major positive and negative life events on personality.[22][23]

Van Gestel and Van Broeckhoven (2003) write, Almost by definition, complex traits originate from interplay between (multiple) genetic factors and environment.[24] Interactions between genetic predisposition and the environment are a major factor in personality development. The corresponsive principle of personality development states that life experiences may accentuate and reinforce the personality characteristics that were partially responsible for the particular environmental elicitations in the first place.[25] This principle is summarizes how gene-environment interactions (also called person-situation transactions) maintain and reinforce the continuity of personality throughout the lifespan. Three main types of gene-environment interactions are active (the process by which individuals with certain genotypes select and create environments that facilitate the expression of those genotypes), passive (the process by which genetic parents provide both the genes and the early environmental influences that contribute to the development of a characteristic in their children), and reactive (the process by which non-family individuals respond to the behavior produced by a genotype in characteristic ways).[15][22]

Read more:
Personality development - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Personal Development Training - 2 day course Course Pricing and Availability Bespoke In House Training

This course is also available as an in house group training course in the UK and worldwide. We can tailor the content to fit your specific needs. Group training costs from 1,850 +VAT per day for up to 20 delegates (plus trainer's B&B). In-house training proposal

Two day open course: 850 +VAT per delegate. Our next open course is in 5 days, there are still places available. Would you like to book online now or see all course dates?

We currently offer open courses in: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Heathrow, Central London, Oxford, Swindon, Bristol, Leeds, Nottingham, Southampton and Glasgow, Scotland.

Please note all our training courses include three months additional FREE telephone coaching.

Course Timings: Start 09:00 - Finish 16:30. Lunch at 13:00, Tea Breaks at 11:00 and 15:00, giving you an opportunity to check emails and make calls.

After the course, how can you keep the training-momentum going?

If you are a working in a professional setting, then you may be interested in the excellent two-day personal development training.

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The literature and content were very organised and well presented. The examples were very helpful. Trainers presentation was clear, organised and will structured. Friendly and easy to talk to and ask questions

M Stone Rotork Controls

We start by asking this question: How can you get the very best from yourself and others?

You can get the very best from yourself and others only by developing your personal skills.

The following six key professional development skills:

Let us develop each of these qualities in turn.

All development starts with setting goals - you need to develop a clear sense of purpose - become more goal focused.

Training notes and then practice.

How to communicate with more clarity

Assertiveness and proper conflict management training

Conflict is inevitable and therefore you must be able to handle it:

Remember that conflict can be beneficial if it is well managed. Conflict can be destructive if it is not well managed?

How should you manage conflict situations? By using a rational approach; use the proper principles:

The proper conflict management principles require that you: -

Action plan

Content was detailed and valuable, learnt a tremendous amount that I will use daily, I was able to relate to all of it. The trainer's presentation was clear and precise. Good use of real world examples which help to make the content usable. Friendly course.

Jamie Hamblin Lanes Health Products

Time management training is about getting the most valuable work done in the least amount of time.

In order to prioritise properly; Use "Deadline pressure" and "value" as the key indicators.

Your worst enemy: the busy, but non-productive day.

Have you ever had a busy but non-productive day? Beat the time wasters - there are three major categories of time wasters:

Delegate as much lower value work as you are able.

How to prioritise your task list - prioritise tasks according to their value. Manage your priorities by means of a decision matrix.

Keep repeating the question: What is the most valuable use of my time, right now?

Your actions are controlled by two things:

How you feel will affect how you act and therefore the results you are able to create. Put simply:

Therefore it is important to be able to create and sustain a "Positive Mental Attitude"

A positive attitude works for you like this:

Manage your own mind. (Do not allow your thoughts or language to be become destructive)

The success formula is a description and prescription for all successful, goal directed action, composed of only five parts:

Recognise that the success formula is a continuous process

Failure is the opposite formula

How will this training help you to get the best from yourself and others?

Summary / action planning / close

The training method follows this general pattern - the training is very interactive and interesting:

Note: we do not believe in placing people in any situation of embarrassment by demanding that they 'perform' in front of the whole group. So you can relax: come on this course and be at ease; ready to learn new skills!

Training course content: It was very good, well organised and helpful. Trainer's presentation: Chris Farmer is an excellent trainer and I will definitely apply the method in my daily routine.

Ranjit Singh RDB Concepts

You are able to book this course online today.

The open training course costs only 850 +VAT per delegate . For this price we provide:

We understand that it is important to keep the momentum of the training going, in the weeks after the course. The ideas and methods that you learnt during the course need to be implemented, not just for the two weeks after the course, but for all time!

In order to make that happen, we will give you continued, on-going support after the training course has finished. The support comes in the form of the Post Course Portal.

The Post Course Portal is a web page that contains a review of all the course material, plus the following:

If you are a manager who is trying to figure out how to take the results from your organisations staff appraisal and training needs, and turn them into a coherent set of training courses, that will meet these needs, in as efficient a manner as possible, then we can help you with our free service. More...

In House Course: from 1,850 +VAT per day (plus trainer's B&B) for up to 20 delegates (download in-house prospectus)

Please call us on +441452856091 to discuss your requirements for the in house training course.

If you want to know more about any Management Training Course or their suitability for you or a colleague call us on +441452856091.

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Two Day Personal Development Training Course (2 Days)

The truth is that this Process works to help anyone in any field But I dont expect you to believe that yet!

Both of Andys fabulous books, deliver 100,000 times more value than they cost. His books explain personal development in a way that makes you understand why you previously had failed in the manifestation process before. As for his membership site, which I joined about a month ago, already delivered and exceeded every promise he made about it. Great content, great people , great harmony! I feel blessed to have found his books and I know anyone else would too! Alejandra Roca

Hey Andy, I would like to thank you for writing the most important self-help volumes of literature I have encountered in my short and adolescent life. I am only on the previews of your books and they have caused the changes of personal growth, contribution, and experience. Your books have provided the missing pieces needed in life for change. I cannot remember reading such books since childhood that have cancelled out the needing of negative influences and negative people in my life. Thank you. Ana Motoya

I have been listening to your books and they are excellent, very absorbing and very interesting. I have learnt a great deal and I can feel myself changing for the better as I start to put the information into practice. Even in these early days I am finding my life starting to improve, things are getting better through your books. I cannot put them down. Regards Brian Brian Paice

I just finish reading you book A Bug Free Mind. I appreciate the straight forward and candid way you explained the process. It helped me realize that it is a life long journey, not a take a pill you are all better type of solution. I started my journey years ago but left my mind unattended when things got exceptionally better. Your book has been a great reminder to be present and aware of my thoughts. Thank you! Adriana Alvarez

Hi Andy, I have been studying your books for less than a week. I know the contents of the book will provide me with the missing pieces of the puzzle, how to become successful. I really get your commitment to help everybody who wants it and how this will eventually become the automatic way of thinking for every body. I see it as the 100th monkey principle at work. Your gift of success and happiness to all is awesome and I feel privileged to have found you. I get butterflies of excitement frequently since starting on your books, and have not felt this continuously happy ever that I can remember. You are my saviour from all my unhappiness frustration fear and negativity and I am right behind you in your project to make it available to this world that so desperately needs it. So I will never be able to thankyou enough for giving me the possibility of life so rich and wonderful. Thanks Alan - Alan Barber

Dear Andy, When I came across your books back in February, I had been pleading to the universe for the tools necessary for me to provide for my family and really become the person I felt I needed to be. When I read what you had to say about the books, watched the videos, and watched interviews with you, I thought If this is what I need, please give me the money to get it. Within 1 week the money came and I bought the books. As soon as I started applying the lessons in the books a couple things happened that were remarkable. One of my teenage daughters said, Dad, since you read those youre actually nice to be around, and I really like you youre not stressed and grumpy all the time, and I know youre actually listening to me. When I started writing my life designs, almost immediately things started weirdly happening. Two of my designs are to publish books, one academic and one artsy a company in Germany contacted me out of the blue and made a textbook out of my Masters thesis, and that gave me the gumption to finish all the work to put together the first in a series of artsy books, both now on Amazon. Sadly, I didnt write into my designs that they would be best sellers, so thats in the works for my next book. Another design is to support my family with my art, and although that is still coalescing, in the 7 months since receiving the books I have sold more of my personal artwork than I have in the previous 10 years. I have read the books several times, make it a point to listen to them on audio often, I review my designs weekly and think about them constantly, and although my life right now is not fully what I desire it to be its obvious Im going in the right direction. I have progressed more in the last 7 months in my family life, personally, and professionally than I would have thought possible. Thank you, and I look forward to seeing what happens as I move into the future. Sincerely, Andrew - Andrew Kosorok

I am on my third run through of creating having read using and listened to the using tapes three times the concept of the bug free mind is not entirely new, what is new is the way Andy Shaw describes how to get there and how to use my mind free of all the bugs as I have this morning, waking up full of is it worth it? type of bugs this is a new bug for me and I know it arises from my ongoing work with Maeve, a very intuitive psychologist from UCH who is facilitating me to rid myself of my mindset I have carried since I survived the blitz over London in WWII and the VII rocket that exploded on landing 150 yards from our home in 1944 all this was awakened in me in [about] October 1981 when I was very close to an IRA bomb explosion in South Croxted Road, London SE21 and I flashed back to 1944 and just about stayed there till early 1992 when I was introduced to Frank Gerbode whose team in USA working with the Vietnam Vets in California have devised a way of de-activating the triggers in a persons psyche when experiencing a severe trauma well my early life was filled with nightly severe trauma for my first few years I have worked since 1984 with a number of the very top psychotherapists and psychologists in addressing the impact of my early experiences and I discovered only in December 2012 just 19 months ago the first of what I now know to be a number of bugs that I was not till then aware of to the slightest extent, and with the help of Maeve I have unburied three more I have spent a small fortune on psychotherapy since 1983 in my determination to find the me that I have always known was just out of my reach Since I got your books in December 2012 I have known a me that I did not know before and I am delighted and excited with this me I now know myself to be and I have more work to do with Maeve and very importantly I now know how to clear whatever rubbish / painful memories / etc etc from my mind I might wake up with and to spend the day doing what I want to do, and as I want to do it within the resources I have available, free of all sorts of everything that has hampered me for over 7 decades I have worked on myself with some very competent and powerful psychotherapists, some of the most highly respected of their profession, and I have benefited significantly from their input into my work on myself, and the limitation of their approach to what they offered me is that it was layered on top of the destructive and limiting remnants of my early life experiences as a very young person living at first hand through the mechanics of industrialised warfare now, with my ability to have my mind bug free at the start of each new day I can get on with, and enjoy, being the me I always knew I could be if only well, Ive found the if only that I found with Frank Gerbodes team, and now I have access to, and I do enjoy every day, my bug free mind, and there is not a happier man on this planet Andrew Wray

You are amazing Andy. You really are. After 10 years of meditacion while I was reading your free chapter I HAVE my first SATORI. I just stop for a moment and aplying your tecnique of NO MIND it just happend. I am crying. Now I know for the first time that I can do, be and think whatever I want. A big hug Codrut. Codrut Dediu

Hi Andy I am the person who continued to buy every thing that seemed to be the answer. Thanks for stopping that. Now I can enjoy exactly what I have and theres no rush because there is plenty of time (or no time). I am wake now and it has made my daily stress a thing of the past-it was all made up anyway. I have so much to learn but I am looking forward to that. Im staying awake now. I keep having it hit me that I am creating all this and it makes me relax everytime. I look forward to getting into the community. Thanks. I see my job as a doctor to educate my clients, thanks for educating me!!!! Theres so much more really- Connie. - Connie Danner

Hello Andy, I just wanted to show my appreciation to you for the work and effort you put into your system. Ive read through quite a bit so far and still continuing to enjoy. For me, I use it as a tool for drug addiction. When I am caught up in addictive thoughts I can simply head over to your work and begin reading and the thoughts as you say dissolve away. So thank you very much, Ive battled this my whole life and now have something that works for me. I look forward to putting more of your thought processes to practical use. - Donald Collier

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Building Self Esteem | Saltori structured thinking

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Note: These Guidelines were updated in 2013. Click here to access the revised Guidelines.

Background

Preface

OECD Council Recommendation

Guidelines

Explanatory Memorandum

Preface

The development of automatic data processing, which enables vast quantities of data to be transmitted within seconds across national frontiers, and indeed across continents, has made it necessary to consider privacy protection in relation to personal data. Privacy protection laws have been introduced, or will be introduced shortly, in approximately one half of OECD Member countries (Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden and the United States have passed legislation. Belgium, Iceland, the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland have prepared draft bills) to prevent what are considered to be violations of fundamental human rights, such as the unlawful storage of personal data, the storage of inaccurate personal data, or the abuse or unauthorised disclosure of such data.

On the other hand, there is a danger that disparities in national legislations could hamper the free flow of personal data across frontiers; these flows have greatly increased in recent years and are bound to grow further with the widespread introduction of new computer and communications technology. Restrictions on these flows could cause serious disruption in important sectors of the economy, such as banking and insurance.

For this reason, OECD Member countries considered it necessary to develop Guidelines which would help to harmonise national privacy legislation and, while upholding such human rights, would at the same time prevent interruptions in international flows of data. They represent a consensus on basic principles which can be built into existing national legislation, or serve as a basis for legislation in those countries which do not yet have it. The Guidelines, in the form of a Recommendation by the Council of the OECD, were developed by a group of government experts under the chairmanship of The Hon. Mr. Justice M.D. Kirby, Chairman of the Australian Law Reform Commission. The Recommendation was adopted and became applicable on 23 September 1980. The Guidelines are accompanied by an Explanatory Memorandum intended to provide information on the discussion and reasoning underlining their formulation.

OECD Council Recommendation

RECOMMENDATION OF THE COUNCIL CONCERNING GUIDELINES GOVERNING THE PROTECTION OF PRIVACY AND TRANSBORDER FLOWS OF PERSONAL DATA (23 September 1980) THE COUNCIL,

Having regard to articles 1(c), 3(a) and 5(b) of the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development of 14th December, 1960;

RECOGNISING:

Determined to advance the free flow of information between Member countries and to avoid the creation of unjustified obstacles to the development of economic and social relations among Member countries;

RECOMMENDS:

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Annex to the Recommendation of the Council of 23rd September 1980: GUIDELINES GOVERNING THE PROTECTION OF PRIVACY AND TRANSBORDER FLOWS OF PERSONAL DATA

PART ONE. GENERAL DEFINITIONS

1. For the purposes of these Guidelines:

a) "data controller" means a party who, according to domestic law, is competent to decide about the contents and use of personal data regardless of whether or not such data are collected, stored, processed or disseminated by that party or by an agent on its behalf;

b) "personal data" means any information relating to an identified or identifiable individual (data subject);

c) "transborder flows of personal data" means movements of personal data across national borders.

Scope of the Guidelines

2. These Guidelines apply to personal data, whether in the public or private sectors, which, because of the manner in which they are processed, or because of their nature or the context in which they are used, pose a danger to privacy and individual liberties.

3. These Guidelines should not be interpreted as preventing:

4. Exceptions to the Principles contained in Parts Two and Three of these Guidelines, including those relating to national sovereignty, national security and public policy ("ordre public"), should be:

5. In the particular case of Federal countries the observance of these Guidelines may be affected by the division of powers in the Federation.

6. These Guidelines should be regarded as minimum standards which are capable of being supplemented by additional measures for the protection of privacy and individual liberties.

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PART TWO. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL APPLICATION

Collection Limitation Principle

7. There should be limits to the collection of personal data and any such data should be obtained by lawful and fair means and, where appropriate, with the knowledge or consent of the data subject.

Data Quality Principle

8. Personal data should be relevant to the purposes for which they are to be used, and, to the extent necessary for those purposes, should be accurate, complete and kept up-to-date.

Purpose Specification Principle

9. The purposes for which personal data are collected should be specified not later than at the time of data collection and the subsequent use limited to the fulfilment of those purposes or such others as are not incompatible with those purposes and as are specified on each occasion of change of purpose.

Use Limitation Principle

10. Personal data should not be disclosed, made available or otherwise used for purposes other than those specified in accordance with Paragraph 9 except:

Security Safeguards Principle

11. Personal data should be protected by reasonable security safeguards against such risks as loss or unauthorised access, destruction, use, modification or disclosure of data.

Openness Principle

12. There should be a general policy of openness about developments, practices and policies with respect to personal data. Means should be readily available of establishing the existence and nature of personal data, and the main purposes of their use, as well as the identity and usual residence of the data controller.

Individual Participation Principle

13. An individual should have the right:

Accountability Principle

14. A data controller should be accountable for complying with measures which give effect to the principles stated above.

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PART THREE. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION: FREE FLOW AND LEGITIMATE RESTRICTIONS

15. Member countries should take into consideration the implications for other Member countries of domestic processing and re-export of personal data.

16. Member countries should take all reasonable and appropriate steps to ensure that transborder flows of personal data, including transit through a Member country, are uninterrupted and secure.

17. A Member country should refrain from restricting transborder flows of personal data between itself and another Member country except where the latter does not yet substantially observe these Guidelines or where the re-export of such data would circumvent its domestic privacy legislation. A Member country may also impose restrictions in respect of certain categories of personal data for which its domestic privacy legislation includes specific regulations in view of the nature of those data and for which the other Member country provides no equivalent protection.

18. Member countries should avoid developing laws, policies and practices in the name of the protection of privacy and individual liberties, which would create obstacles to transborder flows of personal data that would exceed requirements for such protection.

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PART FOUR. NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION

19. In implementing domestically the principles set forth in Parts Two and Three, Member countries should establish legal, administrative or other procedures or institutions for the protection of privacy and individual liberties in respect of personal data. Member countries should in particular endeavour to:

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PART FIVE. INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION

20. Member countries should, where requested, make known to other Member countries details of the observance of the principles set forth in these Guidelines. Member countries should also ensure that procedures for transborder flows of personal data and for the protection of privacy and individual liberties are simple and compatible with those of other Member countries which comply with these Guidelines.

21. Member countries should establish procedures to facilitate:

information exchange related to these Guidelines, and

mutual assistance in the procedural and investigative matters involved.

22. Member countries should work towards the development of principles, domestic and international, to govern the applicable law in the case of transborder flows of personal data.

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EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM

INTRODUCTION

A feature of OECD Member countries over the past decade has been the development of laws for the protection of privacy. These laws have tended to assume different forms in different countries, and in many countries are still in the process of being developed. The disparities in legislation may create obstacles to the free flow of information between countries. Such flows have greatly increased in recent years and are bound to continue to grow as a result of the introduction of new computer and communication technology. The OECD, which had been active in this field for some years past, decided to address the problems of diverging national legislation and in 1978 instructed a Group of Experts to develop Guidelines on basic rules governing the transborder flow and the protection of personal data and privacy, in order to facilitate the harmonization of national legislation. The Group has now completed its work.

The Guidelines are broad in nature and reflect the debate and legislative work which has been going on for several years in Member countries. The Expert Group which prepared the Guidelines has considered it essential to issue an accompanying Explanatory Memorandum. Its purpose is to explain and elaborate the Guidelines and the basic problems of protection of privacy and individual liberties. It draws attention to key issues that have emerged in the discussion of the Guidelines and spells out the reasons for the choice of particular solutions.

The first part of the Memorandum provides general background information on the area of concern as perceived in Member countries. It explains the need for international action and summarises the work carried out so far by the OECD and certain other international organisations. It concludes with a list of the main problems encountered by the Expert Group in its work.

Part Two has two subsections. The first contains comments on certain general features of the Guidelines, the second detailed comments on individual paragraphs.

This Memorandum is an information document, prepared to explain and describe generally the work of the Expert Group. It is subordinate to the Guidelines themselves. It cannot vary the meaning of the Guidelines but is supplied to help in their interpretation and application.

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I. GENERAL BACKGROUND

The problems

1. The 1970s may be described as a period of intensified investigative and legislative activities concerning the protection of privacy with respect to the collection and use of personal data. Numerous official reports show that the problems are taken seriously at the political level and at the same time that the task of balancing opposing interests is delicate and unlikely to be accomplished once and for all. Public interest has tended to focus on the risks and implications associated with the computerised processing of personal data and some countries have chosen to enact statutes which deal exclusively with computers and computer-supported activities. Other countries have preferred a more general approach to privacy protection issues irrespective of the particular data processing technology involved.

2. The remedies under discussion are principally safeguards for the individual which will prevent an invasion of privacy in the classical sense, i.e. abuse or disclosure of intimate personal data; but other, more or less closely related needs for protection have become apparent. Obligations of record-keepers to inform the general public about activities concerned with the processing of data, and rights of data subjects to have data relating to them supplemented or amended, are two random examples. Generally speaking, there has been a tendency to broaden the traditional concept of privacy ("the right to be left alone") and to identify a more complex synthesis of interests which can perhaps more correctly be termed privacy and individual liberties.

3. As far as the legal problems of automatic data processing (ADP) are concerned, the protection of privacy and individual liberties constitutes perhaps the most widely debated aspect. Among the reasons for such widespread concern are the ubiquitous use of computers for the processing of personal data, vastly expanded possibilities of storing, comparing, linking, selecting and accessing personal data, and the combination of computers and telecommunications technology which may place personal data simultaneously at the disposal of thousands of users at geographically dispersed locations and enables the pooling of data and the creation of complex national and international data networks. Certain problems require particularly urgent attention, e.g. those relating to emerging international data networks, and to the need of balancing competing interests of privacy on the one hand and freedom of information on the other, in order to allow a full exploitation of the potentialities of modern data processing technologies in so far as this is desirable.

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Activities at national level

4. Of the OECD Member countries more than one-third have so far enacted one or several laws which, among other things, are intended to protect individuals against abuse of data relating to them and to give them the right of access to data with a view to checking their accuracy and appropriateness. In federal states, laws of this kind may be found both at the national and at the state or provincial level. Such laws are referred to differently in different countries. Thus, it is common practice in continental Europe to talk about "data laws" or "data protection laws" (lois sur la protection des donnes), whereas in English speaking countries they are usually known as "privacy protection laws". Most of the statutes were enacted after 1973 and this present period may be described as one of continued or even widened legislative activity. Countries which already have statutes in force are turning to new areas of protection or are engaged in revising or complementing existing statutes. Several other countries are entering the area and have bills pending or are studying the problems with a view to preparing legislation. These national efforts, and not least the extensive reports and research papers prepared by public committees or similar bodies, help to clarify the problems and the advantages and implications of various solutions. At the present stage, they provide a solid basis for international action.

5. The approaches to protection of privacy and individual liberties adopted by the various countries have many common features. Thus, it is possible to identify certain basic interests or values which are commonly considered to be elementary components of the area of protection. Some core principles of this type are: setting limits to the collection of personal data in accordance with the objectives of the data collector and similar criteria; restricting the usage of data to conform with openly specified purposes; creating facilities for individuals to learn of the existence and contents of data and have data corrected; and the identification of parties who are responsible for compliance with the relevant privacy protection rules and decisions. Generally speaking, statutes to protect privacy and individual liberties in relation to personal data attempt to cover the successive stages of the cycle beginning with the initial collection of data and ending with erasure or similar measures, and to ensure to the greatest possible extent individual awareness, participation and control.

6. Differences between national approaches as apparent at present in laws, bills or proposals for legislation refer to aspects such as the scope of legislation, the emphasis placed on different elements of protection, the detailed implementation of the broad principles indicated above, and the machinery of enforcement. Thus, opinions vary with respect to licensing requirements and control mechanisms in the form of special supervisory bodies ("data inspection authorities"). Categories of sensitive data are defined differently, the means of ensuring openness and individual participation vary, to give just a few instances. Of course, existing traditional differences between legal systems are a cause of disparity, both with respect to legislative approaches and the detailed formulation of the regulatory framework for personal data protection.

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International aspects of privacy and data banks

7. For a number of reasons the problems of developing safeguards for the individual in respect of the handling of personal data cannot be solved exclusively at the national level. The tremendous increase in data flows across national borders and the creation of international data banks (collections of data intended for retrieval and other purposes) have highlighted the need for concerted national action and at the same time support arguments in favour of free flows of information which must often be balanced against requirements for data protection and for restrictions on their collection, processing and dissemination.

8. One basic concern at the international level is for consensus on the fundamental principles on which protection of the individual must be based. Such a consensus would obviate or diminish reasons for regulating the export of data and facilitate resolving problems of conflict of laws. Moreover, it could constitute a first step towards the development of more detailed, binding international agreements.

9. There are other reasons why the regulation of the processing of personal data should be considered in an international context: the principles involved concern values which many nations are anxious to uphold and see generally accepted; they may help to save costs in international data traffic; countries have a common interest in preventing the creation of locations where national regulations on data processing can easily be circumvented; indeed, in view of the international mobility of people, goods and commercial and scientific activities, commonly accepted practices with regard to the processing of data may be advantageous even where no transborder data traffic is directly involved.

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Relevant international activities

10. There are several international agreements on various aspects of telecommunications which, while facilitating relations and co-operation between countries, recognise the sovereign right of each country to regulate its own telecommunications (The International Telecommunications Convention of 1973). The protection of computer data and programmes has been investigated by, among others, the World Intellectual Property Organisation which has developed draft model provisions for national laws on the protection of computer software. Specialised agreements aiming at informational co-operation may be found in a number of areas, such as law enforcement, health services, statistics and judicial services (e.g. with regard to the taking of evidence).

11. A number of international agreements deal in a more general way with the issues which are at present under discussion, viz. the protection of privacy and the free dissemination of information. They include the European Convention of Human Rights of 4th November, 1950 and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (United Nations, 19th December, 1966).

12. However, in view of the inadequacy of existing international instruments relating to the processing of data and individual rights, a number of international organisations have carried out detailed studies of the problems involved in order to find more satisfactory solutions.

13. In 1973 and 1974 the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted two resolutions concerning the protection of the privacy of individuals vis--vis electronic data banks in the private and public sectors respectively. Both resolutions recommend that the governments of the Member states of the Council of Europe take steps to give effect to a number of basic principles of protection relating to the obtaining of data, the quality of data, and the rights of individuals to be informed about data and data processing activities.

14. Subsequently the Council of Europe, on the instructions of its Committee of Ministers, began to prepare an international Convention on privacy protection in relation to data processing abroad and transfrontier data processing. It also initiated work on model regulations for medical data banks and rules of conduct for data processing professionals. The Convention was adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 17 September 1980. It seeks to establish basic principles of data protection to be enforced by Member countries, to reduce restrictions on transborder data flows between the Contracting Parties on the basis of reciprocity, to bring about co-operation between national data protection authorities, and to set up a Consultative Committee for the application and continuing development of the convention.

15. The European Community has carried out studies concerning the problems of harmonization of national legislations within the Community, in relation to transborder data flows and possible distortions of competition, the problems of data security and confidentiality, and the nature of transborder data flows. A sub-committee of the European Parliament held a public hearing on data processing and the rights of the individual in early 1978. Its work has resulted in a report to the European Parliament in spring 1979. The report, which was adopted by the European Parliament in May 1979, contains a resolution on the protection of the rights of the individual in the face of technical developments in data processing.

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Activities of the OECD

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OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and ...

Find out more about emotional health topics including mental health disorders such as phobias, depression and drug abuse. Learn about child development with this online guide for parents. Find information about building self-esteem in children and helping them deal with exam stress and bullying. Find primary PSHE resources for children aged 4-11 and their teachers including PSHE activities and games. Guide to personal and professional development for teenagers who want to increase their employability. Find information on careers, goal setting, self-improvement and personal presentation. Learn about mental health with this library of videos on happiness, depression, binge drinking and self-harm. Increase your knowledge of personal development with these training courses listed by the UK's leading course finders. If you're interested in a career in counselling or life coaching, why not consider training as a Samaritan? Comprehensive online guide on all aspects of psychotherapy. Find counselling training courses, jobs and news. Get invaluable practical advice on tackling bullying, racism and challenging behaviour with this site for parents, teachers and those working with children. Learn more about personal growth with relationship counselling, sex therapy, workshops, mediation, consultations and support through this website. Stay informed, up-to-date and interested in the study of psychology with this collection of educational material on psychology and psychiatric disorders. Back to Learning homepage | Back to top

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BBC Learning Personal Development

Would you like to take up a new hobby, improve yourself, study better or find a new job? ALISONs Personal Development & Soft Skills courses are for learners who want to enrich their personal and professional lives. The Personal Development & Soft Skills category includes personal development courses in digital photography, yoga, music theory and physical education. For students under-going a course of study, there are courses in smarter learning, study skills and resume writing, while, for job hunters, there are courses in career planning and job hunting. This category also includes unique courses, such as a course in Aesops Fables, a US citizenship course, and a course exploring architecture. Psychology courses and legal studies courses are also included.

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As the New Year begins its the ideal time to reflect on how youre going in life and what you want to change. My personal issue is learning how to heal hyperthyroidism. You see, it was about a month ago that my hypothyroidism swapped over to the hyper version and

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Lets start with Personal Development Objectives they are the foundational reason the motivating force to keep you moving forward to improve your life. What do you REALLY WANT in life? If youre like most people the bottom line for self improvement is to be more HAPPY and SATISFIED in life.

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Personal development is a journey, not a destination. So, get yourself deeply settled into learning a myriad of personal development techniques so you feel empowered to change your life as you desire. Its time now to live a life you love! Here are some of my favourite personal development quotes

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Setting a goal starts with you and personal development. What do you REALLY want in life? And, how badly do you want it? Its getting close to the New Year so why not have a look at what you want to create in your life for 2016. This is an

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Personal Development planning is an amazing exercise of inner reflection. You first start with wanting to make changes in your life and so you think about who you are and how you can improve yourself. You see, as a child you were given a certain personal matrix that dictates how

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Improve motivation to do anything. Motivated people work better, live more satisfied lives and are generally healthier and happier. Motivation is the energy that gives direction and focus. When youre low in motivation youll find yourself stuck in old patterns feeling bad about yourself or guilty that you didnt get

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Personal Development Insights and Inspirations

A BREAKTHROUGH IN PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT TRAINING!

Our new workshop series - soon to be released - presents a revolutionary online, interactive video experience, supported by coaching, that assists you to learn from your own life. The workshops were tested for 2 years in Dublin, Ireland. This is what one of our participants had to say after experiencing our training...

When I was out walking I said to myself, Oh my God, I feel like I am really, really happy, and I havent felt like this for a long, long time. I am experiencing a peace of mind that is beyond understanding. Your workshops and your coaching have had an incredible impact on me and I want to thank you for that! ~ Michael

Learn about our preparations for the forthcoming launch of Trans4mind Training...

In this podcast we look at the subjects of tolerance, involvement and friendship. Tolerance is necessary to get on with others, but it's not indifference. Ed and Deb Shapiro's article explains how we can make tolerance, acceptance, forgiveness and love our focus, in place of fear and anger. This leads on to involvement and playing the game of life. And then to friendship, the greatest sweetener of human life. Listen here...

What is unbounded thinking? We experience. We learn. We share. We progress...

A person engaged in personal development is endeavoring to learn how they can live a happier and more fulfilling life, through exercising free choice, seeing objective truth, being in touch with their inner knowing and authentic values, and realizing the highest degree of purpose.

However, all too often our personal development has already ended by the time we reach adulthood. We've 'grown up' and know enough to hold down a job. If we are fortunate we find our niche and as much as possible solve the problems of survival, then we stick with those solutions. But our upbringing hasn't taught us most of what we need to know in order to make the most of our potential, to have truly fulfilling careers and relationships.

We've learned to play a role but our emotions may scare and mystify us. We may not have learned to express our needs nor to listen generously to others. We may have lost touch with the intuitive and creative faculties that we knew as children and now try to work things out analytically, hampered by the false information indoctrinated into us.

We cling to a set of beliefs and our minds become less and less open. We may not even like ourselves much, far short of recognizing the power and loving nature of our inner, spiritual selves. Our personal development has only begun; surely it should not stop there?

A natural trait of humans is to be constantly developing, growing and moving toward a balanced and mature way of being. Our present personality is determined by both who and what we have been and by the person we strive to become. The goal of personal development is to learn and apply that which enables us to attain emotional wellbeing, understanding and effectiveness, and mindful awareness, and to share this knowledge with others.

Personal development is the conscious evolution of human nature, and yet throughout history it has been sorely lacking! Although it is in our nature to learn and grow, we are held back by our culture, which is predominantly focused on survival needs, each of us in competition with others, and our spiritual inner nature is repressed. The animal in us rules. We make no room for unconditional love.

Even though the culture may have evolved with technological advancement and administrative complexity, human nature has not moved forward as it might. Our consciousness and mindfulness remain as always. We are now paying the price for Mankind's selfishness and inconsideration. Going forward, the quality of our lives on this planet - even our survival - now depends on each of us taking responsibility for our personal growth.

Trans4mind aims to support your personal growth by providing resources that both educate and inspire, leading on to our training and coaching services. These will empower you through the gaining of further self-knowledge - and encourage the implementation of your insights in practical ways that can transform your life.

The human being needs to awaken to the soul that inhabits each body and is our true self and source of inner knowing. Awaken through a process of self-discovery, leading to one's own, self-directed spirituality. We need to become mindfully conscious instead of ruled by the dictates of instincts, past habits and fixed beliefs. We need to throw away dogma, open our minds and reconsider. Instead of fear about our survival and competitive angst, we will then be motivated by compassionate understanding and creative love.

For those that do move forward, the next epoch - that is upon us now in 2016 - will be a celebration of human cooperation and shared love. It's our best hope for the future - and it's in our hands.

Trans4mind Training is the result of years of development by a dedicated team, containing the very best and most effective methods of personal development. It's an audio-visual, interactive online experience that's interesting and fun to participate in. Rather than telling you what to think, the video workshops will encourage you to learn from yourself and your own life. This personalized training empowers you to create action steps that deliver powerful real-world results across all of your life challenges. It's what you've been waiting for, to be the change you wish to see in the world... to really make it happen!

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Our motto: Minds, like parachutes, function better when open.

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Personal Development Training and Resources

Quick Links Click here for our latest catalog. Our Personal Development courses can help you learn a new skill or hobby or are simply fun to take with friends for personal enjoyment. The topics range from art and music to food and wine. Whether you select a photography course to preserve memories of activities with family and friends, or you and a friend decide to make memories by learning wine appreciation, our courses offer a myriad of ways for you to grow. Check out the entire course list to find what interests you. Art, Music and Culture Whether you're interested in learning flower arranging, pottery, painting, cartooning or piano lessons, we have it all in our current line-up of fun and educational courses. REGISTER FOR A COURSE Food & Wine Learn to cook like a pro! Register for one of our cooking courses taught by expert instructors. Have some tasty, creative fun in the kitchen in one of our baking courses; or learn to be a chef in Chef Mark McKinney's Cooking Series. Learn through tastings and lectures how to select and enjoy different wines. REGISTER FOR A COURSE Photography Certificate Program The Non-Credit UT Photography Certificate provides fundamental and specialty skills for achieving success in the growing field of photography and related professions. Explore your interest in photography as a hobby or for professional growth and development. Developed by a committee of Knoxville-area photographers, these courses provide the opportunity to develop new skills or build on existing skills in this rapidly changing field. REGISTER FOR A COURSE Landscape & Garden Design Certificate The UT Landscape & Garden Design Certificate program is designed for homeowners, gardeners, landscapers, and related professions. Explore your interest in gardening as a hobby, for professional growth and development, or to broaden your knowledge of horticulture. REGISTER FOR A COURSE Home & Finance Develop a retirement or investment plan, start a business, decorate your home, or simply get it organized in one of the many courses we offer. REGISTER FOR A COURSE

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What is it about 'those' people that seems to always attract a crowd while people often walk right by (or away) from everyone else.They seem to hold some form of magical 'personal power' that automatically draws others toward them.

Have you been in situations where you have wanted to attract more attention engage in deep, meaningful conversations with those around you but for some reason they just seem to walk away or almost are afraid to talk with you?

Sometimes it can seem like you are invisible that you have no ability to get noticed and the harder you try, the worse it seems to get. You just don't seem to have the personal power to attract desirable people toward you.

Here are 5 ways to magically attract people to you, no matter how much of an outcast you feel like today:

1. Be comfortable with yourself. It sounds kind of odd to think that we are often not comfortable with ourselves doesn't it? But it's true especially in social situations. You can improve your comfort level and work on being more confident overall by using techniques like yoga and meditation. Just 20-minutes of mediation each day can have a dramatic impact on your self-confidence over time resulting in more attractiveness on the outside. You can learn the basics of yoga and meditation from a local class in your area, books or online at yoga and meditation resources such asthis one.

2. Learn to listen and ask questions. People like to talk about themselves, so a great way to break the ice and create interest in yourself is to begin by putting others in a comfortable place of answering questions about themselves.

3. Pay attention to your own health and personal development. When someone appears confident and successful, they draw people toward them. If you look defeated, withdrawn and have not taken care of yourself then that shows to those around you and they will avoid you. Exercise regularly, eat healthy, take care of yourself and others will be drawn to you.

4. Learn to tell stories. Have you ever noticed that some of the most popular people are those that tell great stories. It's not that the story itself needs to be great, it's just that it needs to be told in a passionate and confident way. Make sure you observe what is going on around you, stay abrest of current events and learn to tell stories.

5. Take the positive spinPeople want to be around other positive people not complainers or those who always take the negative spin. If you can see the positive in situations even better take action towards making things more positive then you will be seen as someone of high social importance becoming much more attractive to those around you.

You may think thatpersonal power is a result ofchemistry or social skill that you cannot learn and so you are destined to always be someone who does not attract attention but you can change all of that by following some simple steps to improve your self-confidence, improve your image and learn how to engage others more easily.

Jeff

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